Racism, Research, and the Breaking of the Hippocratic Oath

2013 Racism, Research, and the Breaking of the Hippocratic Oath A statement in an unsigned article in the Journal of the American Medical Association, gives the prejudicial idea: â€Å"‘Virtue in the Negro race is like angels’ visits—few and far between†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Brandt 21). Nearly seventy years after Lincoln abolished slavery in the United States, racism and prejudice still flowed through the veins of many Americans and their views corrupted medical research studies with bribery, prejudice, and flagrant disregard for ethics, such as the Tuskegee Syphilis case in 1932. This blatant disrespect for African-American life left only seventy-four men alive of the three hundred and ninety-nine men who participated in the study. These men were chosen as†¦show more content†¦The self-interest of the white researchers brought on many studies concerning the black population. Whites never were interested in the well-being of African-Americans. They studied disease- infected black people not to cure them, but to learn how whites could avoid catching their diseases. Before emancipation, black health was looked after because slaves were considered â€Å"property of the white man† and seen as an â€Å"investment†. After the slaves were freed, their health was studied because of the fear of the white population. Stated in Beyond Consent: Seeking Justice in Research by Kahn, Mastroianni, and Sugarman, â€Å"†¦black health needs were ignored except to the extent that they were relevant to the health status of whites† (91). The white population treated African-Americans like creatures from space, not fellow human beings and only helped blacks to protect themselves from contracting â€Å"black diseases†. Manes 3 Myths about white doctors abducting black men and women in order to perform experiments on them circulated through black neighborhoods in the 1930s and warranted fear and distrust in medical physicians. In order to obtain enough men for the study, researchers had to bribe African-American men into participating. In exchange for their cooperation, the men would receive â€Å"freeShow MoreRelatedethical decision making16006 Words   |  65 PagesMoral Rules Utilitarian Theories: Doing the Most Good for the Most People Deontological Theories: Balancing Rights and Obligations Justice in Health Care Values and Health Policy Ethics of Care Ethical Problems Faced by Community Nurses: The Research Ethical Decision Making Service Learning: Discovering the Self and Developing Community Values QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER After reading this chapter, you will know the answers to the following questions: 1. What is bioethics, and how is itRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesessential to increase the efï ¬ ciency of the management process.22 We discuss these principles in detail here because, although they were developed at the turn of the 20th century, they remain the bedrock on which much of recent management theory and research is based. In fact, as the â€Å"Management Insight† following this discussion suggests, modern writers such as well-known management guru Tom Peters continue to extol these principles. DIVISION OF LABOR A champion of job specialization and the division

Literature Review Brief Therapy in Adult Psychiatry Essay

Abstract This paper provides an overview of the study conducted by A.J Macdonald (1994) on Brief therapy in adult psychiatry. With thorough analysis, it expresses concerns about the structure and lack of focus in controlling the research. It outlines strengths and limitations within its core assumptions to the research model in the context of the findings and the outcome of the research. Through considering multiculturalism, family socioeconomic status and other extraneous variables, it will lead to more valid and reliable research method to help in contributing to better knowledge on the effectiveness of brief therapy. Literature Review: Brief therapy in adult psychiatry With increase in interest†¦show more content†¦Variables which could have contaminated the questionnaire results could be caused by whether the client had overcome the problem or not. Therefore, such given data must be interpreted cautiously. The case records do not reveal, for example, how precisely the resolution of target complaints was defined in the interview, how goal attainment was scaled, whether collateral interviews were conducted in individual, couple and family cases, or how demand characteristics might have colored the clients’ responses. In addition, the classification of outcome was done by consensus of the clinical team, which leaves open the possibility of a positive bias. Still, some outcome data for this approach are better than none which leads to further investigation in order to fill in some gaps. However, with the use of feedback from both the client and practitioners, it could have reduced biased, subjective opinions, as their results could be simultaneously compared to verify the validity and reliability of the obtained results. The client’s age ranged from 20 to 70 years old showing no significant age difference between male and female groups. Broad age group of adults in sample size gave more in depth and broader spectrum in understanding the effectiveness of therapy. Social class distribution of the sample differed from the local population. The duration ofShow MoreRelatedFamily Therapy Practice With Adult Focussed3320 Words   |  14 PagesFAMILY THERAPY PRACTICE WITH ADULT FOCUSSED PROBLEMS- REVIEW Ms. Sherin Yohannan1, Mr. Mathew M. Varghese2, Dr.R.Parthasarathy3 Abstract: Background: Adults are the individuals who have completed their growth and are ready to assume their status in the society. These adults pass their different phases from early adulthood to late adulthood. These adults are vulnerable and prone to various mental health issues. The mental health issues could be marital distress and divorce, psychosexual problemsRead MoreInterpersonal Psychology : Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1560 Words   |  7 Pagescomparably effective to medications and as credible as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) (Robertson, Rushton, Wurm, 2008). According to Mechanism of Change in Interpersonal therapy (Lipsitz Markowitz, 2013) IPT was utilized in conjunction with medications to treat depression then onto try and treat other types of disorders such as bipolar, anxiety, bulimia, post traumatic stress disorder to reduce psychiatric symptoms in adults and adolescents. Interpersonal psychotherapy relieves depression symptomsRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Ther apy ( Cbt ) Essay1522 Words   |  7 PagesKatie Empson S00191137 Assignment 1: Essay COUN222 What treatment approaches (if any) would you consider for these characters and why? Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is a form of psychotherapy that explores the notion that an individuals thoughts, beliefs and interpretations about themselves and the situations they are placed in are directly associated with their emotional responses and behaviour (Otte, 2013); that is, an individuals cognitive functions have a strong influence over their feelingsRead MoreBipolar Disorder Treatments : Symptoms And Symptoms2309 Words   |  10 Pages(FDA 2011). The toxicity of lithium is a potential risk factor for hyperthyroidism. It is estimated that hyperthyroidism occurs in 5-10% of lithium users. Lithium is highly effective in reducing the risk of episodes in bipolar disorder. In 2004 a review of randomized controlled trials was conducted to determine the efficacy and acceptability of Lithium for preventing relapse of manic episodes, depressive episodes, and total episodes. The results showed that lithium was more effective in preventingRead MoreA 3000 word reflective account of Solution Focused Brief Therapy within a practice placement setting3245 Words   |  13 PagesSolution Focused Brief Therapy within a practice placement setting This assignment is a personal reflective account on the use of solution focused brief therapy (SFBT) carried out during a practice placement within a Crisis and Home Treatment Team (CRHT). This assignment aims to discuss the importance of the 10 Essential Shared Capabilities, introduce clear definitions of SFBT, evaluate current research of SFBT, and provide an evaluation of the key principles of SFBT. I will make a brief comparisonRead MoreHsc 3008 Implement Therapeutic Group Activities5800 Words   |  24 Pagesinterventions such as cognitive–behavioural and interpersonal therapy with elderly patients and their care staff to deal with challenging behaviour. Clive Ballard (Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle General Hospital, Westgate Road, Newcastle NE4 6BE, UK. E-mail: c.g.ballard@ncl.ac.uk) has recently taken up post as Professor of Age Related Disorders at Kings’ College London/Institute of Psychiatry, having previously been Professor of Old Age Psychiatry at the U niveristy of Newcastle upon Tyne. Ongoing researchRead MoreThe Acute Stress Response3714 Words   |  15 PagesResponse Cheryl Welch Liberty University Abstract The purpose of this paper is to define and explain the acute stress response and acute stress disorder. Clarify the differences between the two conditions and offer review of treatments and symptoms associated with both. Therapies and interventions are reviewed and explored for effectiveness in resolving symptoms and preventing post-traumatic stress disorder. The acute stress response (ASR) refers to psychological and physiological responses toRead MoreCognitive Behavioural Therapy for Ptsd9239 Words   |  37 PagesBehavioural and related Therapies for the Treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Abstract In this paper the therapies related to Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) will be studied in order to determine the applicability thereof for the treatment (and prevention) of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). PTSD will be summarised as described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders edition 4 with revisions (DSM-IV-TR). The therapy models, their theory andRead MoreInner Resources Mediation Protocol for Chronic Pain: Translation Research of an Evidence-Based Treatment into a Community Setting1291 Words   |  6 Pagesrecruitment and adherence to an evidence-based, eight-session meditation program based on Dr. Lynn Waelde’s Inner Resources for Stress Relief for a community health clinic for adults with chronic pain, and to develop initial estimates of treatment effects of measures of pain and physical functioning. Based on literature review, we hypothesize that Inner Resources will teach chronic pain patients to identify thoughts and feelings that may exacerbate physical pain and to consciously let go of theseRead MoreDont Be Defined by Personality Disorders Essay1758 Words   |  8 Pageschildhood or adolescence, which is when they are most ignored, this will not only make the disorder more manageable for the person and everyone close to them, but it will also prevent the disorder from spiraling out of control and affecting their adult life. Author Stuart C. Yudofsky, MD and practitioner in psycho-pharmacology and neuropsychiatry, defines a personality disorder as a persistent pattern of behavior that markedly diverges from a person’s culture and leads to â€Å"significant distress

The kind of family a person should have Free Essays

INTRODUCTION Every person longs to have the kind of family that is ideal for him. When we talk of an ideal family, it means that it is the family that a person views to be perfect. Even in a person’s early years in life, admiration to different families starts and thus making one dream of having a family someday that is picture perfect for him. We will write a custom essay sample on The kind of family a person should have or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although there are different forms of family that are being accepted and acknowledged, the choice still depends upon ones perspective. What kind of family then a person should have? THE IDEAL FAMILY There are three main characteristics that I deem to be essential in having an ideal family. First, it must have a traditional structure. Second, must have only two to three children. Third, must be God centered. A traditional family is a functional family in structure. Every member has its own appropriated function. The father is delegated to find means for the whole family’s subsistence. He works and is known to be the bread winner of the family. He will provide the physiologic needs of family and fill the house with love, happiness, security and discipline.   He is also the one who can be called the head in reference to problem solving and decision making. On the other hand, the mother has an extraordinary task in the family and that is to take care of the entire household, this means that she will attend to the different needs of the family; she will be the one who will wake up early and sleep late at night and a role model in the house. She also has the responsibility of inculcating the best values in their children and giving them the best of care. The children have to take their education and help the mother in cleaning the house and other house tasks. Traditional type of family is considered as an ideal type of family. The children, who are the center of care, love and attention must equip with good values because they are the pillar of the family. In this type of family, each has to function well and must do their part to make it an ideal one. The number of choice of children varies on parents, other desire to have one child only to focus their care and attention and to securely provide all that he needs. However, two or three children are perceived to be the ideal one. This is based on practical and economical reasons. Having lesser number of children would have greater opportunity for education and experience luxury in life. Giving a child an education now costs big and giving him a luxurious life costs even bigger. Having many children could deprive them on their rights on physical, emotional and mental needs due to economic crises. Lesser children in the family open opportunities. An ideal family is a God centered family because. It is the foundation of a strong family and a wonderful home. It comprises a responsible father, a loving mother and the obedient children.   This means that having God at home is a perfect home for a family of which joy, peace, kindness, gentleness, patience and love overflows. As Rev. Sun Myung Moon would say, â€Å"The ideal family is the place of the eternal love of parents, the eternal love of husband and wife, and the eternal love of children centering upon God. Rev. Sun Myung Moon indeed captured the essence of an ideal family which is beneficial to all because having God means good work. God preaches people to be good and not mandated by evil. Society will greatly benefit if all people will have this kind of family. In a structured family, even if the father is working, the mother can take care of the children and has the time to guide and teach them with values. Having only two to three children would entail a great chance in having all the people in a society to have proper education and a comfortable life. Lastly, in a family that is God centered, people will surely do away from misconduct and evil deeds because the primary teaching of God is to do good to others. CONCLUSION Therefore, a family that a person should have is a traditional family having two to three children and making God as the center of their lives. By virtue of this kind of a family, our society will have peace and harmony. BIBLIOGRAPHY Diem, G. N.. The Definition of â€Å"Family† in a Free Society. Retrieved July 29, 2007 from http://libertariannation.org/a/f43d1.html#3 The reading is about different definitions from different point of views of society regarding a family. It helps readers to know different types of a family. Reverend Sun Myung Moon. Blessing and Ideal Family. Retrieved July 30, 2007 from http://www.unification.net/bif/bif-7-2a.html The author makes people understand what a God centered family is all about. It also let people understand the importance of a family. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CHRISTIAN FAMILY http://www.studyjesus.com/more/the_family/characteristicsofthechristianfam.htm The reading is all about the characteristics of a Christian family. It also discusses what kind of life a Christian family has and must have. How to cite The kind of family a person should have, Essay examples

How to Read Literature Study Questions free essay sample

How to Read Literature Like a Professor Summer Reading Questions 1. A Faustian bargain is more commonly known as a deal with the devil. In a Faustian bargain the protagonist is often offered something that he or she wants, but with a price: he or she must give up his or her soul. It appears constantly in literature in many different forms. Faustian bargains are present throughout One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest because of all the bets McMurphy makes. He goes into the ward knowing about the big Nurse’s power, and basically convinces the patients to follow him in her overthrow. Their price, however, is the risk of being sent to the Disturbed Ward and receiving electro shock treatment or even a lobotomy. In this way, McMurphy can be seen as a satanic figure, who convinces confused and scared patients to bargain what is left of their sanity to take over a Nurse who has ten times more control over their fate. 2. The grammar of literature is what Foster describes as the reader knowing the structure and rules of literature. He says they are a â€Å"set of conventions and patterns, codes and rules† that each reader learns and utilizes as they are reading. They recognize the structure of a paragraph and a sentence and know how to interpret what is on the page in front of them. The reader learns over time this grammar of literature, and he or she develops his or her own way to read and interpret a text. Readers learn the structure of an essay and thus can anticipate with each sentence what is coming next; it is so ingrained in their heads that it comes naturally. We know that a paragraph introduces a topic, gives examples, and then relates those examples back to the initial topic. In this way, the reader has developed a grammar of literature and reading. 3. Professors use symbols and patterns in a multitude of ways in order to interpret a text. Professors of literature, given their extensive memory and knowledge of literature itself, are bound to recognize the patterns and symbols in nearly every text and relate it to another. They read and think symbolically, meaning they recognize everything as a symbol or something of importance until they realize it’s not employed as a symbol. They constantly question everything in a text in order to find the deeper meaning. They see things as they actually exist, but then also look at the same thing to represent something more substantial. Professors are also more adapted to recognize patterns in literature, meaning they see within the detail the patterns it reveals. They are able to look beyond the actual story with the plot and the characters and see the patterns the author has implemented. They are able to recognize which elements are actually substantial enough to aid the work and the plot, and which ones are just detail. Their ability to distance themselves from the work is what makes them able to recognize the symbols and patterns that a regular reader may not recognize in a work. 4. There are five characteristics to a quest. First, there must be a quester. Next, that quester must have a place to go. Third, he or she must have a stated reason to go there. Fourth, there must be challenges and trials during the journey. Lastly, there must be a real reason to go to the place. Usually, the quester doesn’t know it is an actual â€Å"quest†. The real reason for the quest is the most important, and usually has nothing to do with the actual, stated reason. 5. The usual reason behind a quest is self-knowledge. Quests are often educational and provide the quester with a learning experience that aids their self-discovery. The reason for the quester’s youth and immaturity often has something to do with why they are on a quest, and what they end up learning. The only subject that truly matters on a quest is himself or herself. 6. Our questers: McMurphy, Doctor Spivey, and the twelve patients that join them. A place to go: The patients all leave the hospital for a lake to go on a fishing trip. A stated reason to go there: McMurphy wants to teach the boys how to fish and spend some time outdoors. Challenges and trials: The patients first face trouble when they don’t have a signed release form to be allowed to go on the boat, so the captain refuses to take them. McMurphy then takes the captain back to his office to make some phone calls to sort out the problem. While this happens, the other dock boys start heckling Candy, and the patients, not used to seeing others outside of the hospital, don’t stick up for her and defend themselves. They are not used to having enough confidence to stand up for themselves, since they have never had to, and McMurphy is the only one with enough confidence to yell at the dock boys. Next, the men struggle on the boat when trying to catch fish. None of them know how to reel in a line, and McMurphy is too busy with Candy to help them. So, they have to learn for themselves how to catch the fish and wrestle it on their own. The real reason to go: the fishing trip marks an important change in all of the patients. They come back even more bonded together than they were before, and full of confidence and personality. They come back and are confident enough to yell back at the dock boys, and even start sharing real, hearty laughs. It teaches all of them that if you try hard enough, you will get what you want. It also made them less afraid of the real world, and made them appreciate what was on the outside. 7. In the real world, breaking bread together is an act of sharing and peace, since if you’re breaking bread you’re not breaking heads†. 8. A meal scene is almost always symbolic because they are so difficult and boring to write. If a writer puts in a detailed meal scene, it must have some symbolic value since meals are almost never of real importance in a story. The writer must have a pretty good reason to include one in his or her story. The meal scene often has to deal with the relationships, good or bad, between characters, and often offer a turning point or pivotal change in the story during said meal. The typical meal scene is so mundane that for it to be included in a story and take up a lot of writing, it definitely has to have symbolic value. 9. According to Foster, eating in literature may represent a number of things. Firstly, it can represent communion, coming together, and getting along. A meal scene is written to show how characters are getting along or not getting along. It also can be used to form a bond, to find something in common between one character and another. It is a moment and a form of trust. Meal scenes that go wrong are also written for a purpose. Comradeship† at the table is important to convey in a meal scene, whether it is good or bad. The meal scene is vital in portraying the communion of life. 10. A positive communion scene occurs in One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest on the last night McMurphy is in the ward. They bring in some wine and open up the drug closet, and have a good time in the ward with no one on duty. It has symbolic meaning becau se it is one of the few times the patients have an actual fun time together, they bond and realize that life is too short to not have fun. They enjoy being free of stress and restraints and for once feel like real people again. 11. A negative communion happens in Beloved when Paul D comes to visit 124. He comes and visits Sethe and Denver, both of whom he hasn’t seen in many years and wishes to reconnect with them. However, Paul D’s presence makes Denver uncomfortable and left out. Sethe and Paul D sit down for a meal, and Denver feels alienated. No one comes to their house often, and when someone she doesn’t know comes in who takes her mother’s attention away from her, she is clearly angered. On top of that, Beloved decides to frighten them even more. She suddenly shakes the house to the point where everyone has to duck and cover, and frightens Paul D. She decides to make the communion negative and show symbolically her disgust and hatred for unwelcome men. 12. There are a couple essentials to a vampire story. First, there is an older figure (typically the â€Å"vampire†) that is alluring, dangerous, and representing corrupt values. This older figure then focuses on young, beautiful, innocent women, who are often virginal. This vampire then strips away her youth, her innocence, and corrupts her. When he gets her, he himself grows younger and even more alive than before. His energy is renewed and his life continues, while hers is sucked away as she becomes more like him. Since he has taken her virtue, her death and or destruction become inevitable. And most times, the motive often has to do with sex. 13. There are a lot of things other than literal vampirism that vampires and ghosts represent in literature. They can represent selfishness, exploitation, and refusal to respect autonomy. The ghost of Hamlet’s father is there to point out a problem, rather than just be a fright. Edward Hyde represents the dark side of every man. Vampires and ghosts don’t even have to be literal to represent something. They don’t have to appear in visible forms to be considered a vampire or ghost. They are put in a story to scare, haunt, and frighten people, but also to point out problems, teach a lesson, and protect a character. In Beloved, the ghost of Sethe’s murdered daughter embodies the spirit of Beloved as if she were alive. She haunts Sethe’s home and serves as a reminder of what she did. She can be seen as allegorical, as she represents the past haunting the present as a lesson and reminder of the crime Sethe committed. The relationship between Beloved and Sethe is complicated and often an unhappy one. Beloved’s presence is often destructive to Sethe, Denver, and their home. She creates instability in their household as well as within both women of the house. Though she is dead, she is ever-present, and helps develop the characters of Sethe, Denver, and Paul D. She represents pain and misfortune, but also guidance and hope. 14. Paul Berlin, the protagonist in Going After Cacciato, embodies an author’s â€Å"creative process† in many ways. His story is compiled from many other stories, meaning that all the stories ever written all stem from one story.

Hand Outs free essay sample

The word literature is derived from the Latin term litera which means letter. It has been defined differently by various writers. †¢Some loosely interpret literature as any printed matter written within a book, a magazine or a pamphlet. Others define literature as a faithful reproduction of man’s manifold experiences blended into one harmonious expression. †¢Because literature deals with ideas, thoughts and emotions of man, literature can be said to be the story of man. Man’s loves, griefs, thoughts, dreams and aspirations coached in beautiful language is literature. †¢For Webster, literature is anything that is printed, as long as it is related to the ideas and feelings of people, whether it is true, or just a product of one’s imagination. †¢In PANITIKING PILIPINO written by Atienza, Ramos, Salazar and Nazal, it says that â€Å"true literature is a piece of written work which is undying. It expresses the feelings and emotions of people in response to his everyday efforts to live, to be happy n his environment and, after struggles, to reach his Creator. We will write a custom essay sample on Hand Outs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page B. Why We Need to Study Philippine Literature †¢We study literature so that we can better appreciate our literary heritage. We cannot appreciate something that we do not understand. Through a study of our literature, we can trace the rich heritage of ideas handed down to us from our forefathers. Then we can understand ourselves better and take pride in being a Filipino. †¢Like other races of the world, we need to understand that we have a great and noble tradition which can serve as the means to assimilate other cultures. Through such a study, we will realize our literary limitations conditioned by certain historical factors and we can take steps to overcome them. †¢Above all, as Filipinos, who truly love and take pride in our own culture, we have to manifest our deep concern for our own literature and this we can do by studying the literature of our country. C. Time Frames of Philippine Literature in English 1. The Period of Re-orientation: 1898-1910 2. Period of Imitation: 1910-1925 3. Period of Self-Discovery: 1925-1941 4. Japanese Period: 1941-1945 5. The Rebirth of Freedom: 1946-1970 6. Period of Activism: 1970-1972 7. Period of the New Society: 1972-1981 8. Period of the Third Republic: 1981-1985 9. Contemporary Period: 1986 D. Literature and History Literature and history are closely interrelated. In discovering the history of a race, the feelings, aspirations, customs and traditions of a people are sure to be included . . . and these feelings, aspirations, customs and traditions that are written is literature. History can also be written and this too, is literature. Events that can be written down are part of true literature. Literature, therefore, is part of history. Literature and history, however, also have differences. Literature may be figments of the imagination or events devoid of truth that have been written down, while history is made up of events that really happened. E. The General Types of Literature PROSE – those written within the common flow of conversation in sentences and paragraphs. 1. Novel – a long narrative divided into chapters. The events are taken from true-to-life stories and a longer period of time. There are many characters involved. Example: Without Seeing the Dawn by Stevan Javellana. 2. Short Story – a narrative involving one or more characters, one plot and one single impression. Example: Dead Stars by Paz Marquez Benitez 3. Plays – presented on stage, is divided into acts having many scenes. Example: Cadaver by Alberto S. Florentino 4. Legends – fictitious narratives, usually about origins. Ex. The Bicol Legend by Pio Duran 5. Fables – also fictitious, deal with animals and inanimate objects who speak and act like people, and their purpose is to enlighten the minds of children to events that can mold their ways and attitudes. Example: The Monkey and the Turtle 6. Anecdotes – merely products of the writers imagination, and its main aim is to bring out lessons to the reader. It can be stories about animals or children. Ex. The Moth and the Lamp 7. Essay – expresses the viewpoints or opinions of the writer about a particular problem or event. 8. Biography – deals with the life of a person which maybe about himself, his autobiography or that of others. 9. News – report of everyday events in society, government, science and industry, and incidents, happening nationally or not. 10. Oration – formal treatment of a subject and is intended to be spoken in public. It appeals to the intellect, to the will or to the emotions of the audience. Narrative Poetry – this form describes events in life either real or imaginary. a. Epic – extended narrative about heroic exploits often under supernatural control. It may deal with heroes and gods. Example: Popular Biag ni Lam-ang Literary – Princess Urduja b. Metrical Tale – narrative written in verse classified as ballad or metrical romance. c. Ballad – of the narrative poems, considered the shortest and simplest 2. Lyric Poetry – originally refers to that kind of poetry meant to be sung to the accompaniment of lyre, but now it applies to any type of poetry that expresses emotions and feelings of the poet. . Folksongs (Awiting Bayan) – short songs intended to be sung. Atin Cu Pung Singsing b. Sonnets – lyric poems of 14 lines dealing with an emotion, a feeling, or an idea. c. Elegy expresses feelings of grief and melancholy, and whose theme is death. d. Ode – a poem of noble feeling, expressed with dignity, with no d efinite number of syllables or lines in a stanza. e. Psalms (Dalit) – songs praising God or the Virgin Mary, and containing a philosophy of life. f. Awit (songs) – these have measures of 12 syllables (do decasyllabic) and slowly sung to the accompaniment of a guitar or banduria. Ex. Florante at Laura by Francisco Balagtas g. Corridos – these have measures of eight syllables and recited to a martial beat. Ex. Ibong Adarna 3. Dramatic Poetry a. Comedy – this form is light and written with the purpose of amusing, and usually has a happy ending. b. Melodrama – used in musical plays with the opera. It arouses immediate and intense emotion and is usually sad but there is a happy ending for the principal character. c. Tragedy – involves the hero struggling mightily against dynamic forces; he meets death and ruin without success and satisfaction obtained by the protagonist in a comedy. . Farce – an exaggerated comedy. It seeks to arouse mirth by laughable lines; situations are too ridiculous to be true; the characters seem to be caricatures and the motive is undignified and absurd F. ELEMENTS OF THE STORY 1. Plot – the sequence of the actions and events in the story to convey a theme. Every story has a plot that can be sketched in a summary or outline. The plot is the skeleton or the blueprint of a story. The following terms explains what happens in a plot: ? Exposition – comes at the beginning of a story. The readers meet the character, learn about the setting, and see the beginning or the conflict or struggle. ?Rising Action (Complication) – the struggle grows stronger. ?Climax – the turning point in the story. ?Falling Action – events move toward the end of the story. ?Resolution (Denouement) – the story is brought to an end. Kinds of Plot ?Man in a Hole- oldest and most popular. ?Man on a Road ?Man in a Tub Devices in Plot ?Chronological Arrangement. It starts from beginning of events. ?Medias Res. This starts at the middle of the story. ?Flashback. Past events are shown to justify the conflict at present. ?Foreshadowing – the author presents insignificant events or details ? Stream of consciousness – a continuous and random flow of ideas feelings, sensation, association and perceptions as they register on the protagonist’s consciousness. 2. Point of View – refers to the angle of narration or from whose viewpoint the incidents of the story are told. ?First Person Point of View – the writer narrates the story using the pronoun â€Å"I† who may be the central character or a minor figure who either observes or participates in the action. Third Person Limited Point of View – the unidentified author refers to his characters in the third person but limits himself by telling only what can be seen heard inside the world of the story. It is otherwise called â€Å"camera-eye technique† as the narrator doesn’t reveal about what the characters think or feel. Third Person Central Point of View – the narrator refers to his characters in the third person but limits himself to narrating only what the central character thinks, feel, does, and what and whom the central character can observe. Omniscient Point of View – the narrator acts as if he knows everything that happens including the thoughts of the characters. 3. Setting – locale and period of which the events occur 4. Character – refers to the make-believe persons that are encountered in fiction. Kinds of characters: ?Protagonist – the admirable character who embodies certain human ideals. ?Antagonist – the character that provides some sort of contest or opposition for the protagonist. ?Static or flat – the characters which do not have flesh and blood qualities. Dynamic (full or round) – they live lives of sorrow and joy, sinking and swimming in the visible tides of life – very much like us. 5. Theme – the writerâ€⠄¢s message. It may be specifically stated in the story or it may be derived from the total effects of all the elements of a story. The author may make the theme explicit by means of exposition or conclusion. 6. Symbol – a word, phrase, scene or an episode that refers directly to one thing but suggests another thing as well.

Cesar Chavez

Cesar Chavez The purpose of this paper is to talk about Cesar E. Chavez's life and how he had a positive effect on Mexican American labor workers. Cesar E. Chavez was the great defender for Mexican Americans and a hero for many American workers. He is famous for organizing workers to get better pay and decent treatment in the farms of California. Chavez founded the United Farm Workers also know as the UFW. His work eventually improved the lives of millions of migrant farm workers and minorities. He will be remembered as a hero for Mexican Americans.1 The Chavez family was from Chihuahua, Mexico. The family moved to the United States in the 1880's at the time of the Mexican Revolution. Cesario Chavez had several sons and a total of fifteen children. One of the children was named Librado. Who was the father of Cesar Chavez. Librado married Juanita Estrada who was also from Chihuahua, Mexico.Cesar Chavez at the Delano UFW rally.The Chavez family was a very poor family that had a total of six childre n. Cesar Estrada Chavez was born on March 31,1927 in the California/Arizona desert town of Yuma. Cesar was the oldest boy and the second oldest child.2 The Chavez family had a farm, and owned 160 acres of land in the Gila River Valley Located about twenty miles outside of Yuma, Arizona. But when the Chavez family did not have enough money to pay their taxes or the water bill for their farm in 1937 the Chavez lost their land and most of their belongings.3 This was around the time period the United States And the rest of the world were in the midst of a Great Depression. Cesar was only ten years old at the time.When they lost the farm, the Chavez family joined thousands of other poor American families of...

Use of Deadly Force Criminal Justice Research Paper

Use of Deadly Force Criminal Justice - Research Paper Example NMSP shooting case, it presents unethical police operation that leads to firing a minivan with five kids when Ferrell, the driver failed to follow orders. Whichever the case, this paper uses these incidences to manifest of total disregard of Federal Standards in using excessive force. It is recommended that the police use safer arrest strategies that include loudspeaker notification to surrender and vibrant intelligence information sharing. Besides, the use of temporary visual-impairing strategies when making an entry into a private property suspected to harbor criminals, or narcotic suspects should be put into the police to lower misuse of deadly force. According to U.S Armed Forces, deadly force refers to legal body harm against a suspect or convict that a law enforcer is allowed to use in extreme condition (Halpern & Snider 2012). The enforcement of this disciplinary principle, occasionally, causes bodily harm or even death. Notably, the law provides its users as a means of last resort. In addition, use of deadly force should be intelligently applied to avoid legal suits and potential penalties. The law provides for its use when a person question is a considerable threat to those around. In the wake of increasing in civil rights activism, the deadly force application has continually brought into sharp focus. For instance, Calvo, predicament and the New Mexico Shooting of October 18, 2013 continues to elicit a mixed reaction among different legal experts. One of the most debatable applications of deadly force principle is the Calvos case and Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) operation. As Murphy, a member of Calvos family later recalls the men in black had pointed a gun to him while he peeped through the window (Broome 2011). While, the law provides this team to practice deadly force strategy in combating heavily armed criminals, the debate for its action against Calvo continues to stir heated debate. Certainly, Calvos family just like any other family was

Ontology Concept Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ontology Concept - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that ontology concept discusses the existence of cabbages and apples. For example, Douglas Adams uses his Madagascar experiences to explain how the concept of evolution. Further, ontology focuses on why the above categories exist. Specifically, ontology delves into the reasons why dogs, cats, humans and other animals were placed into our material world. Next, the study of ontology includes determining the significant purpose of the existence of vegetables, fruits, and other plants. Answering the first ontology topic, the person’s describing the physical features and actions shows the existence of the dog, cat, human or other animals. Hearing an animal that barks definitely shows the dog exists. Seeing the animal’s long hair Seeing an animal that has two arms, two legs and speaks Spanish shows a human exists. Seeing an animal gallop indicates the existence of the horse. Next, ontology zeroes in on the reasons for the existence of the above living things. Observing the dog will show that the dog exists to ward off the cat’s intrusion into the dog owner’s home. Likewise, the dog exists to safeguard the dog owner’s car from trespassing thieves. Observing the cat in its own free environment shows the cat exists to eat rats and mice. Eating the rats and mice reduces the pests’ population. With lesser population, people are assured of lesser rodent attacks. Delving into ontology’s existence topic, authentic thinker Albert Camus espoused the philosophical concept of Existentialism. Existentialism states that each individual uses his or her existence or experiences as the basis for generating the individual’s own philosophies, values, and concepts. People use their preferred philosophies, values, and concepts to add meaning to their existence. Further, different individuals go through different paths add meaning to their lives. A hungry individual can generate meaning in hi s life. First, the individual observes how another person cooks food. Next, the individual uses the observation to cook the individual’s food.

To Shame or Not to Shame the Offenders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

To Shame or Not to Shame the Offenders - Essay Example Tangney believes that shame discourages the offender to be better. While reading this article, the main question that lingered in mind is how we can discourage crime in society? In essence, it is crucial to shame individuals to deter crime in the society. Well, one way to discourage offenders from committing a crime is by imposing a structure where they understand that they will reap what they sowed. Thus, this paper seeks to discuss why it is important to shame offenders so that they can focus on the negative effects of their behavior.   I agree with Tangney article on how offenders are likely to be guilt when imprisoned for life. As this article puts it, this may increase brutalization in society and increase the crime rate. The act of imprisoning people to death may increase psychological problems and thus, this is likely to increase the rate of killing. The act is morally problematic and flawed especially with the cost linked to it. Tangney (571) believes that society should work hard to ensure that offenders understand their negative constructive feelings. For instance, the government may create a platform where offenders understand the painful impact they bring to others. Tangney believes that this would prevent people from committing the crime without having to imprison them for life.However, I believe that most offenders are selfish and they do not care about the person they are harming. For instance, one would go into a jewelry store and steal an expensive necklace. I believe that such a person understand th e negative consequences of his behaviors to others. In other instances, sex offenders are selfish and do not care about the consequences of their negative behaviors. They ignore the fact that the person they are sexually assaulting can be sexually infected or become pregnant. Based on my analysis, I believe that most offenders are fully aware of their actions and how they affect others. With this, I believe that offenders should suffer for their wrongdoings and in the case of murder; he or she deserves a death penalty (Cromie and Lynn 22). The measure of the punishments should depend upon the magnitude of the crime. The court should punish those in the wrong to deter crime in the society. Criminals should be punished for the wrongdoing and capital punishment or the death penalty should be imposed on those convicted of a severe crime. Capital punishment is justified to a nation as it deters murders from killing innocent people.

Development of Electronic Government Policy

Development of Electronic Government Policy 1. INTRODUCTION This paper discusses policy implementation in order to explain the development of electronic government policy in the Local Government in Great Britain. In order to do this, the paper firstly provides a brief description of electronic government. This is followed by a discussion of policy implementations and its relevance in local government to e-government, as well as the analysis of the key features and roles of implementation. Finally, the paper discusses British effort to implement e-government at the local level. 2. E-GOVERNMENT E-government is a notion that has revolutionised bureaucracy and the way governments function in the twenty first century. E-Government is an approach dealing with the development of online services such as e-tax. E-government is also responsible for many innovations and improvements in the early years such as e-transportation and e-health. There are clear associations between the goals of the modernisation agenda and that of the electronic government agenda. For example, within an expected national policy for electronic government in England, the term electronic government is currently described as â€Å"exploiting the power of information and communications technology to help transform the accessibility, quality and cost-effectiveness of public services, and to help revitalise the relationship between customers and citizens and public bodies who work on their behalf† (Local Government Association 2002:XXX). 3. POLICY IMPLEMENTATION AND ITS RELEVANCE It has been claimed that the implementation of local e-government is perhaps the most diverse and complex change programme ever undertaken by local government (The Economist 2006). The process touches all public services, from social services to housing and from education to street cleansing, and every single department of local government. As a plan for change, it entails innovations in structures, processes, working practices and corporate cultures. Therefore, it has an effect on everybody who is a part of the local government including elected members, staff, citizens and local businesses. Furthermore, local electronic government is not just a matter for local authorities, as it extends to a wide range of other local agencies. This necessitates the general partnership and successful management. The transformation from plan to implementation entails the organisation of capital, and current effort in processual studies of change have accentuated on the administration of organisational politics and the implementation of power. Resources not only include money, staff time and technological infrastructure, but also leadership, relevant skills and competencies (McLoughlin Cornford 2006). 4. KEY FEATURES AND ROLES The attainment of e-government is of strategic importance for local governments. According to Murray (2005), the key features for implementing electronic government are informatics planning, informatics management, informatics development, customer chain, internal value chain, supply chain and electronic community. Informatics planning considers information audit and standardisation, process mapping and design, authority strategy and modernisation, informatics strategy, risk assessment and cost–benefit analysis. Informatics management considers the management matters that are important for the execution of the electronic government agenda, including electronic championing, the form of electronic government organisation and the nature of any benchmarking exercise conducted or planned. Informatics development reflects on the existence of a clear plan for improvement. It does this by reflection on resource matters and whether an audit of appropriate skills had been performed. Key enablers for sustaining the customer chain consist of customer relationship management, the state of the citizen WWW site, examination of whether electronic democracy has been considered and what attention has been paid to the provision of the full range of future access mechanisms and channels. Internal value chain refers to the state of the current information systems. In regards to information systems architecture the apprehension is with the integration and interoperability of information systems as well as the integration with external standards and systems. Considering IT architecture, the significant technology enablers are knowledge management, document management, content management and intranets. Enablers for the supply chain contain the existence of any extranets, evidence of tale working and plans for the implementation of electronic procurement. Electronic community pays attention to the degree to which stakeholders have provided advice on electronic service delivery as well as the form of business planning employed and the existence of any form of electronic community strategy. 5. IMPLEMENTATION OF E-GOVERNMENT IN BRITAIN The current e-government strategy in Britain is based upon e-government targets set in the 1999 Modernising Government White Paper. At the heart of this strategy is the belief that government services should be available continuously and not just during conventional working hours. Consequently, the White Paper established targets that 50 per cent of dealings with the public sector should be capable of electronic delivery by 2005 and 100 per cent by 2008 (Cabinet Office 1999). These targets were revised by a subsequent strategy statement from the newly created OeE to involve 50 per cent by 2002 and 100 per cent by 2005 (Office of the e-Envoy 2000). The targets are not restricted to central government departments or agencies but cover the entire public sector, including local authorities. Indeed, as the primary location of most day-to-day services, local government is seen as being central to the delivery of the information age strategy. According to Eiffert and Puschel (2004), the num ber of transactions involved in local government vastly exceeds those of the rest of central government put together. Informatics Planning â€Å"Some connection between their electronic government strategy and aspects of their modernisation agenda had been made by most authorities in Britain, however, there was surprisingly little evidence within the statements of the re-engineering of any current processes† (Barry 2004:37). There was little evidence of process mapping and redesign besides the general consideration of process changes required at the customer interface, apart from the general claim that electronic government change is organisational change. British local governments claimed to have an ICT strategy in place, but many acknowledged that it needed updating in the light of electronic government and needed to be more closely aligned with their electronic government strategy (Barry 2004). An initial cost–benefit analysis was also attempted, however a thorough assessment still had to be conducted by the majority of authorities. Financial analyses were also conducted, and findings were that cost sav ings were unlikely in the short term and cost neutrality was the medium-term goal for their authority. According to Barry (2004), most of the benefits of electronic government were likely to be intangible. Furthermore, the issue was also placed on inadequate resources, needed culture change within authorities and low-uptake of services as priority issues to be addressed. Informatics Management The council leader and the chief executive have been appointed by a significant proportion of the authorities in Britain as authority electronic champions. However, a variable level of support appeared for the electronic government agenda among elected members. â€Å"The general assessment seemed to be that, while a proportion of council members were interested and enthusiastic about electronic government, a substantial proportion of most council’s elected members had yet to be convinced of the case for electronic government† (Barry 2004:38). Specific structures for implementing the electronic agenda have been created, and electronic government officers for overseeing the strategy have been appointed by some governments. Most governments were only in the early stages of benchmarking their electronic service delivery and those that had completed this exercise placed their existing level of electronic service delivery in the lower quartile. Many local governments were re- using existing structures for implementing electronic government. Informatics Development Most governments in Britain had created development plans that had clearly evolved from their existing informatics infrastructure. Some authorities had aspired to consider more radical and aspirational solutions for the longer term future based on some early piloting of key technologies. Most authorities have also seen adequate resourcing for electronic government as a crucial issue. â€Å"Estimates from authorities regarding the investment required for the Welsh region for implementing the electronic local government agenda fully ranged from  £20 million to  £200 million† (Barry, 2004:39). Many of them have been actively looking towards various forms of external funding in order to finance critical components of their electronic government agenda. According to Barry (2004), one important aspect that was poorly addressed in most Implementing Electronic Government statements was the degree to which authorities believed they had the sufficient internal skills base required f or implementing the electronic government agenda effectively over the long term. The Customer Chain â€Å"Most of the planning within authorities in Britain appeared to be devoted to enhancing the customer chain† (Barry 2004:39). There was a need to re-engineer access to government services by using multiple access contact centres which are supported by sophisticated customer relationship management systems. This innovation was seen as particularly difficult for the smaller authorities, and in Wales for example, only one authority appeared to be well advanced in this area. In terms of the Society of Information Technology Manager’s four-point scale of categories (promotional, content, content plus and transactional) most authority WWW sites were currently content. The aspiration amongst most authorities was for fully transactional WWW sites, however only some authorities were using such technologies for facilitating interaction between, for instance, councillor and citizen. The Internal Value Chain â€Å"In discussions with the authorities it appeared that the enablement of the internal value chain of authorities was at a much more advanced stage than the enablement of the customer and supply chains† (Barry 2004:41). However, there was little description of the state of the back-end infrastructure and the integration and inter-operability of back-end systems in the Implementing Electronic Government statements themselves. There was also little allusion to plans for front-end/back-end systems integration in most authorities. â€Å"Most authorities seemed to be using basic technologies such as electronic mail to good effect internally, many had intranets and many had upgraded their internal communications infrastructure. However, the use of technologies such as content, document and knowledge management was variable† (Performance and Innovation Unit 2000). Furthermore, many authorities expressed concern over the increasing costs and unclear benefits of document mana gement systems. The Supply Chain Supply chain has been the least enabled theme within British authorities, even though in the private sector, electronic enablement of the supply chain was seen as critical to modernisation. Some authorities were piloting aspects of electronic procurement, but few authorities had a clear strategy in this area. Most also did not appear to be using extranets in any serious way and tele-working was being piloted only by a minority. The Community Chain The issue of the electronic community was treated differently amongst the governments. A minority of the governments oriented their entire electronic government strategy around the key idea of partnerships with the community, the community information plan was the electronic government plan in such authorities. â€Å"In the majority of the authorities, however, the electronic community was placed as one but not the only issue in their electronic Evaluating electronic local government in the UK 145 government strategy. Most authorities had consulted on electronic service delivery and, as a result, predicted low uptake of such services in the short to medium term† (Barry 2004:44). 6. CONCLUSION Local e-government in England is a hugely complex change programme that takes in almost every aspect of local government and almost everyone involved. The scale of the transformation which is envisaged, and the timescale in which it is expected to be achieved, are both highly ambitious. It is only by understanding this transformation as a both an organisational and socio-technical phenomenon and developing management practices appropriate to the emergent and on-going character of the change required, that many of the goals of e-government are likely to be realised. The effective implementation of e-government requires that the many resource gaps that exist in relation to appropriate leadership, change and project management skills are filled. Bibliography Barry, James (2006), â€Å"E-government† Unwin, London. Cabinet Office (1999) â€Å"Modernising Government†, Cm. 4310, London Stationary Office Eiffert, M. and Puschel, J. 2004, â€Å"National Electronic Government (eds)†. London : Routledge, 2004. Local Government Association (2002), â€Å"Towards a National Strategy for Local E-Government†, Local Government Association, London. McLoughlin, I. and Cornford, J. (2006), â€Å"Transformational Change in the local State? Enacting e-government in English local authorities† Journal of Management and Organisation, v12.n3, pp195(14). Murray, Smith, (2005), Implementation Strategies for E-government: A stakeholder Analysis Approach†, Centre for Innovation and Structural change, NUI, Galway, Ireland Office of the eEnvoy. (2000). www.archive.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/e-envoy Performance and Innovation Unit(2000): â€Å"E-government, 2000, Electronic government services for the 21st century. The Economist (2006), â€Å"Britain: The world in a website; E-government†, London March 11 2006 v378.n8468, pp32.

Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is a book about a boy named Harry Potter who is a wizard. Its setting is in London, which is where Harry lives. The time element is supposed to be present day, but it is a fiction book.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harry has spent all summer waiting to hear news about Lord Voldemort, a evil wizard that Harry saw return the year before, but nobody believes him. One evening after listening to news ,he decides to go for a walk. He then sees his cousin, who he lives with and hates. They then get in a fight and Harry pulls out his wand and at that exact moment two dementors attack them. Dudley thinks Harry is attacking him so he punches Harry. Harry then heroically saves them both by producing a patronus and driving away the dementors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  They get back home and Harry gets a letter from the Ministry of Magic that says because he used magic he is expelled (Harry is underage and underage wizards aren't supposed to use magic). He is horrified. He can't believe he was expelled. Hogwarts was the only good thing in his life. He then gets another letter that says he isn't expelled but that he has to go to a hearing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Harry's friends here about him being expelled they are speechless. Hermoine just can't understand why he might be expelled when he saved Dudley. She is aghast. Ron is stupefied.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harry goes to the hearing and is cleared, but there is a new teacher at Hogwarts that makes Harry's life miserable. Her name is Professor Umbridge. She was one of the people at Harry's hearing that said he was guilty. She is really rude to Harry. She gives him detention and makes him write lines with a quill that scratches whatever you write into your hand and uses your blood as ink. She also takes away Harry's privilege of playing Quidditch ever again. Somehow Harry gets through it all.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The climax is when Harry goes to the Ministry of Magic to rescue his godfather, Sirius, but Sirius isn't there. There are some people there though. They are the Deatheaters, Lord Voldemort's loyal servants. There is then a big fight where the Deatheaters try to steal a prophecy from Harry. Then Lord Voldemort himself arrives after the prophecy was smashed. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix :: essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is a book about a boy named Harry Potter who is a wizard. Its setting is in London, which is where Harry lives. The time element is supposed to be present day, but it is a fiction book.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harry has spent all summer waiting to hear news about Lord Voldemort, a evil wizard that Harry saw return the year before, but nobody believes him. One evening after listening to news ,he decides to go for a walk. He then sees his cousin, who he lives with and hates. They then get in a fight and Harry pulls out his wand and at that exact moment two dementors attack them. Dudley thinks Harry is attacking him so he punches Harry. Harry then heroically saves them both by producing a patronus and driving away the dementors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  They get back home and Harry gets a letter from the Ministry of Magic that says because he used magic he is expelled (Harry is underage and underage wizards aren't supposed to use magic). He is horrified. He can't believe he was expelled. Hogwarts was the only good thing in his life. He then gets another letter that says he isn't expelled but that he has to go to a hearing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Harry's friends here about him being expelled they are speechless. Hermoine just can't understand why he might be expelled when he saved Dudley. She is aghast. Ron is stupefied.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harry goes to the hearing and is cleared, but there is a new teacher at Hogwarts that makes Harry's life miserable. Her name is Professor Umbridge. She was one of the people at Harry's hearing that said he was guilty. She is really rude to Harry. She gives him detention and makes him write lines with a quill that scratches whatever you write into your hand and uses your blood as ink. She also takes away Harry's privilege of playing Quidditch ever again. Somehow Harry gets through it all.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The climax is when Harry goes to the Ministry of Magic to rescue his godfather, Sirius, but Sirius isn't there. There are some people there though. They are the Deatheaters, Lord Voldemort's loyal servants. There is then a big fight where the Deatheaters try to steal a prophecy from Harry. Then Lord Voldemort himself arrives after the prophecy was smashed.

Forces of Nature Mic Heal Porter

In dealing with strategic planning, I think that this would deal with the way an organization try’s to incorporate strategy in their decision making process. The correct strategy will allow the organization to plan a set of goals and also be able to achieve these goals. Strategic planning is how the organization tries to evolve their current status into where they feel they should be in the future. In routine planning this is the type of planning that is by the book. Routine meaning by the book and following all the procedures with no actual goals and no mention of the future. The differences between the two planning systems is that one only follows the rules and the other thinks outside the box by thinking about the future of the organization. An example of strategic planning, is when an organization starts with having a mission by coming up with the organizations strengths and weaknesses. The plan has to have an outcome that leads the organization into the future (my strategic plan. com). An example of a routine plan would be a book list of instructions and it is mapped out and the first thing they will do is try to find certain goals to move the company forward to the next level but is not worried about the future of the organization. When an organization does not use strategic planning than the organization will not be able to control their futures and be stuck following a routine approach. If an organization does not have a strategic plan they will only be able to address the immediate problems and this is a form of crisis management. When an organization has a strategic plan, the organization becomes more proactive in achieving their goals instead of reactive. When an organization is reactive they are following the set of guidelines of a routine. When an organization has a strategic plan but it is poor it is really like not having one at all. The organization that has a poor strategic planning system is not on a good track and when the plan was implemented it was done incorrectly. When the people of the organization implemented the plan not everyone bought into this plan this is one of the reasons why it is broken and it is poor. The only way to un-break or fix what is broken is to re-implement the plan to make sure that every person in the organization will buy into for the sake of the organizations future (Iowa State University, 1995-2013). The organization that does not have a strategic plan will not be able to make a future for their organization. When an organization thinks outside the box they usual are the organization will flourish in the long-run. The only problem with having a failing strategic plan is the fact that it could have been a good plan if all the members of the organization bought into it. Fixing a strategic plan is sometimes more difficult than actually rolling one out to your organization. References My Strategic Plan (2103). Researched the difference between routine planning and strategic plan. Found an article on what is the difference between a strategic plan and a business plan. Retrieved from website http://mystrategicplan.com/resources/what-is-the-difference-between-a-business-plan-and-a-strategic-plan/ Iowa State University (1995-2013). Researched what happens when an organization has a poor strategic plan. Retrieved from website http://smallbusiness.chron.com/difference-between-strategic-planning-shortterm-operational-planning-24227.html

Growing Up In a Small Town essays

Growing Up In a Small Town essays Growing up in a small town out in the country, an hour away from any city, riding my horse was what I did with my friends, or alone. I started riding horses when I was 7 years old, and my parents bought me my first horse when I was 11. From the ages of 7-27 years old, I owned and rode horses. I would ride in the woods, along the rivers and railroad tracks, through town, it didnt matter to me, I just went. My best friend and I would even tie our horses outside the town store on the bike rack and go inside, old school style. I did rides at birthday parties for little kids, I taught friends and family how to ride, I even got into 4H and did gaming for a while; I absolutely loved barrel racing, and I got pretty good too. To not have a horse now or to even be around them anymore is very hard, and I feel as if a part of me is missing, theres just a slight void there. I was 26, my husband and I had been married for 6.5 years and we finally had our first child that weve been trying to have for nearly 5 years. I felt I had to choose between my son and my horse, and that wasnt fair to any of us. My son was around Dexter since he was 2-3 months old; he was going to the barn with me every day, watched me ride, groom him, and then feed him, and he loved it all! I believe the feeling was mutual between the two of them because my son would put his hand up Dexters nose, and all he would do is either lick or sniff him. Dexters ears were always up and perky whenever my son made any noise, and Dexter would want to go check on him, as if it were his own colt. It was very comical to watch actually; a newborn baby and a 16.3 Thoroughbred horse bonding, it was amazing to see. My son was 9 months old when I decided to sell Dexter, and now he is 3 years 9 months and he loves horses. This makes me very happy and excited for our future, because I have a goa l to have another horse when my son is 5-6 years old,...

Porsche Branding Study Essays

Porsche Branding Study Essays Porsche Branding Study Paper Porsche Branding Study Paper Porches was completely acquired by another giant automobile company, Volkswagen GAG in July 2012 and resold 10% of its holding back to the founding family, giving them full control. Porches owns 50. 73% of the voting rights in Volkswagen GAG. Besides selling its own sportscast, Porches also provides automotive financial services, engineering services and consultation services to other automobile companies. The companys revenue has reached ?13. 9 billion with ?2. 44 billion Operating income in 2012. Porchs slogan There is no substitute demonstrates how proud they are about the exclusiveness of the brand. Currently, this company has more than 17,500 employees worldwide. The Marketing STEP Process, (Primp. 2013) The market segmentation, targeting and positioning (STEP) process is a way to define the market, create market segments, and select target customers which guide the company to develop and implement appropriate marketing mix. 1) Segmenting Consumer Markets Demographic segmentation divides the market into groups based on variables such as gender, age, income and geographical locations etc. Porches s a luxury automobile brand, its target customers are middle aged single male, mainly 35-55 years old with high average annual gross income: who are willing to spend money on high-ended and expensive consumer goods. Lately, Porches has extended its product line to the Sport Utility Vehicle (SUB) market which TA regrets the high income family group; as well as the luxury saloon/sedan targeting the business car market. Cryptographic segmentation which divides buyer into different groups based on social class, lifestyle and personality traits. Luxury sportscast are not daily necessities. People willing to ay for a Porches sportscast tend to use it as a tool to reflect their wealthy and superior social status. This is one of the reasons why Porches always advocates on its high quality engines, designs, engineering and assembled materials. 2) Target Marketing Target market consists of a set Of buyers who share common needs or characteristics that company decides to serve segmented by above criteria mentioned in 1). Designated marketing strategies have been developed to apply on different target segments. 3) Positioning Positioning statement: Offering high-ended sports car at a comparatively seasonable price among similar market players. Position Map of the vehicle market As we all know, Porches Company positioned itself as manufacturer providing High Price, High Quality sports cars. It is actually categorizing the brand with outstanding and exclusive product attributes. The price range of the Porches vehicles vary from HECK$800,OHO to depending on the types and models. It is interesting that among the high-end sportscast brands, Porches has a very special pricing strategy. Porches Company is actually positioning itself in the high-end sportscast division, but selling its cars at a imperatively reasonable price among similar market players like: Ferreira, Mistreat, Budgets, Zoned and etc. These brands are offering even more expensive sports cars when compared with the Porches Company. By putting itself in this position, Porches has successfully entered the targeted market in an easier way and allow consumers to purchase the sportscast at an affordable price. Besides, there is an interesting fact that the Porches Company is also offering Powered cars on their official website. You could search the used Porches cars through their official website by location and mind if there are any suitable used Porches cars for the customers. This move could help Porches to infiltrate its products into the general public more efficiently. The Marketing Mix, ups Marketing mix is the most flooded word in the marketing field and it is a useful tool to look at how a business is positioned to reap the benefits of marketing. A Marketing mix is mainly described by four units; including product, price, place and promotion. These units support each other and work together to maximize the benefits of Marketing. 1. Product Porches Company mainly focuses on providing specialized, high-end sports icicles. Product Variety Porches categorized its sportscast into several product lines as follow. Firstly, the Booster roadster series (the 91 1); the flagship model established its reputation in the Daytona Racing in the mid-sass and won major world championship sports car races. Secondly, the Cayman series which is a hard top car model similar to the Booster but offering in a lower price. Thirdly, the mid-size luxury Sport Utility Vehicle (SUB), the Cayenne. Lastly, the high performance luxury saloon/sedan (the Ephemera). Product Durability It is reported that for 70% of the cars produced by Porches are now still inning on the road which means the German precise engineering provided an extra long running life. Besides, the Pre-owned cars selling in their official website shows Porches has 100% confidence on its used car. Product uniqueness In terms of automobile design, a OR (rear-engine, rear-wheel drive) layout is a very unique technique. It is very rare for car manufacturers to place the engine at the back of the car, but this unique design turns out to give a physically smaller, lighter, less complex and more efficient deteriorative. This unique deteriorative is a distinctive selling proposition for Porches sportscast to fraternity from its competitors as there are nearly no car manufacturer offering such kind of chassis design. 2. Price The price of a product is a large determinant of how the market responds to the product. The key factor affecting the pricing strategy of Porches is the production cost; the company will be forced to cover the cost in order to make revenue. Competition pricing Porches sets lower price for the products when compared with its direct competitors, this allows them to capture larger market share. The vehicle prices Of the Porches Company ranged from WHISKS,OHO to By offering sportscast with similar specifications, this is definitely a very compatible price range in the market. Even at a relatively lower price, Porches still guaranteed to provide top quality vehicles and maintain its elite market status. Premium Pricing The high product prices can already tell the exclusiveness of Porches products. Consumer generally believed that a premium priced product equals to high quality. It is easy to understand that a HECK$800,OHO European Porches sportscast must be better than a HECK$200,OHO Korean Handy car. 3. Place It refers to the channel of distribution, and how reachable it is to their customers. The intermediaries offer the manufacturer greater efficiency in making goods available to target markets. Distributorship Porches Company is a world wide automobile manufacturer, they sell cars all around the globe, include: North America, Latin America, Europe, Middle East, Africa, Asia and Australia. Just like most of the automobile company, Porches makes sales through local distributors. Until 2012, there are more than 900 distributors across the world offering Porches vehicles. Shop Environment Most of the Porches distributors are located in the central business district or he prime area of the cities. This helps the company to reach the targeted customers more precise and accurately. For example Porches Hong Kong showroom locates at a very eye catching position along Gloucester Road, Wan Chi. Character oaf brand is not solely represented by the products, but also its presenting images. Borschs distributor showrooms are decorated with modern designs and spacious environment to demonstrate Porches spottiness, performance and luxury characteristics. 4. Promotion The German firm spent massive investment in promoting its brand to create awareness among the targeted customers.. Event Sponsorship Porches sponsored different kinds of motorists competitions such as the El Mans, Rally, Formula One, Indy Cars and some amateur racing. And the key success flagship model sportscast, the Porches 911, established its reputation in the Daytona Racing in the mid-sass and won major world championship sports car races. This model has been classified as Porchs most successful sportscast and more than 820,000 units had been sold until 2013. Comparative advertising is a usual method adopted by Porches. The Company used a lot of printed advertisements, they placed these printed advertisement in famous Mens magazines with masculine and stylish tone expressing their exclusiveness, sportiveness and benefits of owing a Porches car. Besides printed advertisements, Porches also made some television commercials when there is new product launch. The T PVC deliver lifestyle and slice of life messages. Customer Relations Porches has introduced the Porches Club globally; it is a community for Porches enthusiasts across different counties and cities. They conduct Porches-related events including club racing, morning drive activities, and drivers education activities. Besides Porches Club, the company also holds jugular Porches Driving Experience Day, which allows the general public to reach the Porches Sport Driving School and experience driving pleasure with their cars. By engaging targeted customers in the above activities, Porches successfully created a bonding with its customers, enhancing stronger brand loyalty. Celebrities endorsement In 2013, Porches has signed the 26-year-old world class female tennis player Maria Sharecrop as its spokesperson. Porches GAG CEO Matthias Mueller expressed that Maria Sharecrop is an exceptional athlete combining top performance in her sports with elegance and power which perfectly fits the mage of Porches. And the charming appearance of Sharecrop can definitely attract Porchs target customers middle aged male. Customer Based Brand Equity (Keller, 2003) As lenience Porches, the brand name itself already represents high performance sportscast, almost all civilized people in the world aware of this brand. However, people will not think of this brand very frequently because Porches vehicles are very high involvement products. It requires a very long consumption consideration period before making a purchase decision. Performance Comparing to its competitors, Porches is actually providing superb cars with lassie but fashionable design. Their sportscast satisfied all basic needs of customers with reliable and durable technical performance but at the same time with a comparatively lower price among its competitors. Imagery General public generally agreed that Porches is a grand master class brand; it is not available in ordinary car dealers showroom showing its exclusiveness. Besides, the Made in German represents high quality and precise. Judgments Considering its quality and credibility, Porches is well-known of its precise, excellent engineering and assembling techniques. The superiority of the rand is also one of the considerations in this area, the unique product design and compatible pricing become advantages that their competitors cannot offer. Feeling Regarding the feeling, Porches sportscast give their users fun, excitement, social approval and self-respect. The sophisticated Porches Company always means the elite status, premium vehicle and a symbol of wealthy. Resonance Concerning the resonance in users point of view, Porches did very well to build customer relationship. For example, there are many Porches enthusiasts who are keen in collecting Porchs sportscast, holding local riving event and build private Porches lovers communities. Not only the enthusiasts will participate in the above activities, ordinary drivers are also willing to share their feeling and experience with other Porches owners. Besides, official Porches club has regular newsletter to strengthen the bonding between Porches car owners and the brand. The Prism of Identity Seafarer (1992) Brand identity could be represented by a six-sided prism diagrammatically. Each market condition gives raise to concepts and methods to adapt to such conditions. When products werent so abundant, one simply resorted to an old Unique Selling Proposition. After the era of image, positioning, and brand personality, we have entered into the brand identity era. Porches Company is now ranked 78th in the Conferee Ranking The Brands Top 100 Positions. Ranking The Brands. Com collects all brand rankings published worldwide and can find the position of the brand. It is compiled on the basis of all the rankings, the position of a brand in the list is determined by the number of rankings in which it appears and takes into account its position in each ranking. Reasonably Priced Porches (left advertisement) In this advertisement, it states Look at it this way, its either an expensive portrays or a very reasonable racer. Porches is actually differentiating itself in a unique position, a high ended sport car, but one can also consider it as a very reasonable priced racer. It shows that both the product quality and pricing of Porches fall between sportscast and racer. Example of Comparative Advertising (right advertisement) In this print advertisement, it expresses the meaning of owning a Porches is different from a Ionians or a Mediumistic vehicle, no matter on performance of the car or the social approval aspect. In the left advertisement, it states that the ours of El Mans car racing exults and Porchs racers conquered most Top 1 0 places except the 8th runner-up. Theres no tougher endurance race than El Mans. stated in the lower part of the advertisement. Expressing that the extra durability and the powerful Of Porches engineering.

Atypical Behaviors Reflection Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Atypical Behaviors Reflection - Movie Review Example This fetish is perceived to be very weird because balloons are associated with children and, accordingly, people who literally love balloons can be treated as pedophiles (Nikolaj Rantala). Foot fetish is one of a kind of fetish where people are attracted by some body parts (Ryohey Sasagawa). This fetish is treated as abnormality because people rarely pay attention to feet when it comes to romantic relationships or attractions. They are more likely to seek people with certain color or hair or eyes. The Love Dolls video by National Geographic deals with one more abnormal sexual behavior where men almost fall in love with human-like love dolls. Men give names to their dolls, take care of them and treat them like people. All these fetishes look strange to me because they really challenge traditional understanding of sexuality. I grew up in a traditional family with totally conventional beliefs about sex and relationships. Balloon and love dolls fetishes look really strange because I simply cannot understand why people feel sexually aroused by things like dolls or balloons. Overall, perception of sexual abnormalities heavily depends on the person who judges what is normal and what is

British Petroleum Sustainability in Project Management Essay

British Petroleum Sustainability in Project Management - Essay Example It would be crucial to depict that sustainability, in business, generally refers to the approach of minimizing the unfavorable impacts caused by the operations of the business to the local or the global environment, the community, the society and the people altogether (Deloitte, 2010). Correspondingly, during the management of any project, gaining sustainability is quite mandatory as it works towards the welfare of the business in the long-run. In order to get a comprehensive understanding to this notion, the discussion of the paper will consider the example of BP Plc and its approach towards attaining maximum sustainability when managing projects. The primary aim of this particular study is to determine the approach of BP Plc in attaining sustainability in its worldwide operations through effective project management. The paper will also analyze the data gathered with the assistance of a sustainability framework that would be developed from the review of various literatures and jour nals. Literature Review Importance of Sustainability in Business It is apparent from the above discussion that sustainability is quite a vital component in various areas of the business of the companies irrespective of the industry they are operating in. It will not be ambiguous to depict that in order to ensure the long term survival of the business; companies need emphasize on enhancing their performances regarding sustainability. Businesses in the contemporary scenario need to deal with various challenges that are quite distinct and separated from the day to day activities of the organization. One such challenge for businesses today is dealing with the aspect of sustainability within various operational areas. Contextually, Clayton & Radcliffe (1996) argued that organizations in the modern scenario face challenges in terms of social and environmental issues that have hardly bothered the companies operated in the past. There is an extreme pressure from the government and other ext ernal non-profit bodies that instructs business units to conduct their business in a way that hampers the environment and the society to the minimum level. In many of the large organizations now-a-days, operations of the business largely focuses toward fulfilling the needs of the customers without harming the interests of the environment and the society altogether (Clayton & Radcliffe, 1996). Again in similar regard, in Fordham University (2013), it was depicted that sustainability in various operational areas of business lays a strong foundation for maximum profitability with regard to the long term operations of the business. According to the report, a sustainable business acquires the capability to deliver innovative products and services to the customers, promote accountability of the business and address the welfare of the shareholders and stakeholders of the business (Fordham University, 2013). In precise, it can be stated that sustainability in business can be regarded as a c ornerstone for the success of the same.

Quality of Software in Project Management Research Paper

Quality of Software in Project Management - Research Paper Example At the present, our lives are governed by complex and large size systems with more and more complicated software, as a result the safety, security, and consistency of these systems has turned out to be a main concern. Additionally, as the size and complexity of software in current systems grow, it has more imperfection, which harmfully affects the safety, security, and consistency of the systems. Normally, software is divided into two elements: These elements can be internal and external quality features. External quality features are those parts of a product that face its users, where internal quality features are those that do not interact with the users. However, the quality is conformance to product requirements and should be free. In this scenario, the job of software quality assurance is to ensure that the standards, processes, and procedures are correct for the project as well as are appropriately implemented. In fact, SQA and SQC are processes defined within CMMI, and come un der the support process area. However, in CMMI SQA/SQC is defined as process and product quality assurance (SQA, 2011; Sangeetha, SenthilKumar, Arumugam, & Akila, 2010). Basically, the quality assurance is a confusing subject. In fact, software quality cannot be defined for the reason that there is no single absolute and complete definition of its lexicon. However, research shows two methods to accomplish quality software systems.

The Influence of Essentialst Attitudes Portrayed in the Modern Day Sitcom on the Views and Beliefs of Modern Society Essay Example for Free

The Influence of Essentialst Attitudes Portrayed in the Modern Day Sitcom on the Views and Beliefs of Modern Society Essay The Influence of Essentialst Attitudes Portrayed in the Modern Day Sitcom on the Views and Beliefs of Modern Society. Throughout its long history, the sitcom has been commonly understood to define the cultural norms of modern society through such comedy techniques as satire and irony. Like modern society, certain characteristics of the sitcom have evolved over time, while others have remained consistent. The evolution of the sitcom coincides with the generational shift in attitudes of society towards certain beliefs and values. So, it would seem that there must be some sort of correlation between the evolution of the sitcom and that of society, as if one is the cause of the other. * * While this can be safely said about the effect of society in shaping the structure of the sitcom, whether the modern sitcom has a significant effect on the views and beliefs of society is debatable. This essay will demonstration that, although the modern version of this genre contains essentialist themes and characters, it does not promote essentialism and therefore does not negatively influence society. From the fifties to the eighties, sitcoms have adhered to a rigid structure involving a live studio audience and certain unchanging characteristics that would define the genre. They also conveyed a very apparent moral code. In the 90’s, Seinfeld’s seemingly non-existent moral code would see it labeled by some as â€Å"apolitical or nihilisticâ€Å" (Gencarella 2005,390). However, even if these aspersions were true, it would not necessarily follow that the audience would agree with these moral values and thus accept them as normal behavior. In any case, Gencarella (2005) argues that, although the four main characters do show an extent of self-interest, their moral behavior does not reflect the teachings of the show. Issues of race, gender and politics are still addressed but are presented in a different way than they were ten to forty years ago. * The ingredients of a successful sit-com consistently involve strong, sometimes iconic characters, which often represent stereotypes. Recent sitcoms have challenged and broadened the idea of traditional stereotypes. For example, Gencarella (2005,394) argues that the four main characters of Seinfeld represent four distinct political stereotypes: the individualist, the hierarchical, the egalitarian, and the fatalist. The way these political stereotypes interact with each other and their community have no doubt contributed to the comicality and thus the success of the show. * Unlike the 2005 sit-com The Office (American version), Seinfeld does not consistently display essentialist traits in its characters. It conveys essentialist themes through satirical situations involving essentialism. This is none more evident than the following example (â€Å"The Yada Yada†), which Gencarella (2005,398) also uses to describe the egalitarian nature of Kramer: * Jerry: Those people can be so touchy. * Kramer:â€Å"Those people. † Listen to yourself. * Jerry: What? * Kramer: You think that dentists are so different from me and you? * They come to this country just like everybody else in search of a dream! * Jerry: Kramer, he’s just a dentist. * Kramer:Yeah, and you’re an anti-dentite! * Jerry: I am not an anti-dentite! * Kramer:You’re a rabid anti-dentite! Oh, it starts with a few jokes and some slurs – â€Å"Hey denty! † Next thing you know you’re saying they should have their own schools! * Jerry: They do have their own schools! Jerry Seinfeld is clearly representing an essentialist point of view towards dentists. The absurdity of the situation, however, entails that this essentialist view is not being endorsed; rather it is being exposed in a ludicrous fashion. It shows the absurdity of prejudice and racism. This draws comparisons, as Detweiler (2012,730) explains, to Randy Newman’s defense of his controversial song Short People. The song criticises short people in an essentialist manner, describing them as having small voices and little beady eyes. Randy Newman explains, â€Å"that by choosing an object of prejudice so absurd, he might expose the absurdity of all prejudice†¦Ã¢â‚¬  * In the case of The Office (American version), Michael Scott is blatantly and shockingly racist, sexist and prejudice. The perception that the audience recognizes this view as essentialist, which is the basis of its humor, reinforces the idea that the text does not endorse this kind of behavior. As Detweiler (2012,730) describes, this is further broadcast by the occasional ironic facial expressions, to camera, of Michaels Scott’s colleague, Jim Halpert. Through the clever use of irony it sets an example of how not to act. * Due to the satirical and ironic nature of the sit-com, the question of whether the inclusion of stereotypes and essentialist views warrant a critique as a conclusively essentialist text depends solely on the audience’s interpretation of the text. The writer’s intention here is irrelevant.

Design Of Calipers For Post Polio Paralytic Patients Engineering Essay

Design Of Calipers For Post Polio Paralytic Patients Engineering Essay ABSTRACT Over 13 million in India people suffer from various locomotor disabilities, of which 4 million have been afflicted by polio. Polio destroys the nervous system and causes paralysis of the limbs. An orthosis or brace is required to provide support to compensate for the weakened muscles, maintain proper positioning and stability of the affected joints, restore weight-bearing capabilities to the affected legs and allow the patient to walk without the risk of falls and further fractures. The objective of this project is to develop a design for adjustable polio braces, taking into consideration hinge movement at the knee. The current designs of KAFO are made of Stainless Steel, Aluminium, Thermoplastics, Reinforced Carbon fibers etc. While Aluminium is light-weight, it does not provide the required stiffness for the caliper design; Stainless Steel is corrosion resistant and has great yield strength but is heavy. Hence material analysis is done to chose a material with density between that of Aluminium and Stainless Steel, but with high ultimate strength and high fatigue endurance limit. Also the currently available designs do not incorporate flexible movement at the knee thus discomforting the patient during travel etc. The proposed design is done using CAD tools. A pilot prototype is made in PVC and field-tested to determine if adjustments can be easily performed by the patient. Based on feedback from the field-testing, the final model was designed using Titanium scr aps. ABOUT THE COMPANY M/s. AAROPNA PROTESI PRIVATE LTD. is a medical implants surgical instruments manufacturing and trading company. Our choice of this company was based on its expertise in developing biomedical instruments and implants and its association as a subsidiary of its parent company parent M/s. TITANIUM TANTALUM PRODUCTS LTD, which is an ISO 9001:2008 certified company dealing in various Titanium Products for the past 29 years. The objective of the company is to establish the necessary world-class infrastructure for design, develop, manufacture, package, trade market the Orthopaedic, Neurosurgical, Orthodontic, Dental and other similar reconstructive / replacement implants and its surgical instruments in Titanium alloys and other advanced Biomaterial. Aaropna Protesi Private Ltd. deals with designing of medical implants through biomechanical laws and the development, customization and optimization of medical implants and instruments using technology of CAD-CAM Solutions. It trades in world-class imported medical implants, surgical instruments, tools other surgical accessories in India. It has more than two decades of experience in handling Titanium, Tantalum, Zirconium and Niobium through its parent company. INTRODUCTION 1.1 WHAT IS POLIOMYELITIS? Poliomyelitis, often known as polio or infantile paralysis, is an acute viral infectious disease spread from person to person, primarily via the fecal-oral route. [1] In about 1% of cases the virus enters the central nervous system, preferentially infecting and destroying motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness and acute flaccid paralysis. Different types of paralysis may occur, depending on the nerves involved; spinal polio is the most common form, characterized by asymmetric paralysis that most often involves the legs. [2] The term poliomyelitis is used to identify the disease caused by any of the three distinct variations of poliovirus. Two basic patterns of polio infection are described: a minor illness which does not involve the central nervous system (CNS), sometimes called abortive poliomyelitis, and a major illness involving the CNS, which may be paralytic or non-paralytic. [1] In most people with a normal immune system, a poliovirus infection is asymptomatic. The virus enters the central nervous system in about 3% of infections. Most patients with CNS involvement develop non-paralytic aseptic meningitis, with symptoms of headache, neck, back, abdominal and extremity pain, fever, vomiting, lethargy and irritability. [2][3] Approximately 1 in 1000 to 1 in 200 cases progress to paralytic disease, in which the muscles become weak, floppy and poorly controlled, and finally completely paralyzed; this condition is known as acute flaccid paralysis. [4] In many countries, polio or poliomyelitis was for many years the most common cause of physical disability in children.[1] Currently through vaccination programs, Polio has been eliminated in most countries, a size-able percentage of people are still affected by the crippling disease in India, Nepal, Nigeria and Afghanistan. Often the paralysis will gradually disappear, partly or completely. Any paralysis left after 7 months, however is usually permanent and certain secondary problems may develop, especially if precautions are not taken to prevent them. These problems are further disabilities or complications that can appear after, and because of, the original disability. Contracture of joints is one commonly encountered secondary problem. In this there is a shortening of muscles and tendons so that the full range of limb movement is prevented. [5] Fig. 1.1 Typical contractures in polio Other common deformities can cause deformities including over stretched joints and dislocations. Fig. 1.2 Deformities caused by polio 1.2 EVALUATING A PATIENTS NEED FOR AIDS AND PROCEDURES Step1: Observe the patient carefully and notice which parts of the body seem strong, and which seem weak. Differences between one side of the body and the other are identified such as differences in the length or thickness of the legs. Other deformities, unusual gait, tilt to one side, supporting limbs, position of hips, shoulder and curve of back are also observed. These early observations will help you know what parts of the body you most need to check for strength and range of motion. [5] Step2: This is the physical examination. It should usually include: Range-of-motion testing, especially where there might be contractures. Muscle testing, especially of muscles that may be weak. Also test muscles that need to be strong to make up for weak ones (such as arm and shoulder strength for crutch use). Check for deformities: contractures; dislocations (hip, knee, foot, shoulder and elbow); difference in leg length; tilt of hips and curve or abnormal shape of the back. Step3: After the physical exam, again observe how the patient moves or walks. The particular way of moving and walking is related with the physical findings (such as weakness of certain muscles, contractures, and leg length). Step4: Based on observations and tests, a study is done to understand what assistance might help the patient. Different aspects of the aid must be considered such as: benefit, cost, comfort, appearance, availability of materials, and whether the patient is comfortable. Step5: Once the assist device has been decided, the necessary measurements are taken to make the brace or aid. When making it, once again it is wise to put it together temporarily so that adjustments can be made before it is rivet, glue, or nail it into its final form. Step6: Have the patient try the brace or aid for a few days to get used to it and to see how well it works. If there is discomfort or any problems, alternate improvements or necessary adjustments should be made. 1.3 DESCRIPTION OF A CALIPER Braces or calipers are aids that help hold legs or other parts of the body in useful positions. They usually serve either one or both of the purposes given below: To provide support, strength/firmness to a weak joint (or joints). To help prevent or correct the deformity. ORTHOTIC DEVICE: An orthosis or orthotic is an orthopedic device that supports or corrects the function of a limb or the torso [6]. An orthopaedic brace or orthotic is an orthopaedic device used to: Control, guide, limit and/or immobilize an extremity, joint or body segment for a particular reason To restrict movement in a given direction To assist movement generally To reduce weight bearing forces for a particular purpose To aid rehabilitation from fractures after the removal of a cast To otherwise correct the shape and/or function of the body, to provide easier movement capability or reduce pain. [6] LOWER LIMB ORTHOSIS: A lower-limb orthotic is an external device that is attached to the lower limb as a whole or limb segment in order to improve its function by providing support, reducing pain through transferring load to another area or correcting flexible deformities. NOMENCLATURE FOR CALIPERS Calipers are named after the joints that they replace the function of. The following are the acronyms used: Ankle Foot Orthosis (A.F.O.) Knee Ankle Foot Orthosis (K.A.F.O.) Hip Knee Ankle Foot Orthosis (H.K.A.F.O.) ANKLE FOOT ORTHOSIS (A.F.O.s): Ankle foot orthoses are orthotic devices encompassing the  ankle  joint and all (or part) of the  foot. AFOs are externally applied and intended to control position and motion of the ankle, compensate for weakness, or correct deformities. [6]   Fig. 1.3 Ankle Foot Orthosis KNEE ANKLE FOOT ORTHOSIS (K.A.F.O.): A knee-ankle-foot orthosis provides flexion, extension and mediolateral stabilization of the knee; may provide free or locked knee motion, or adjustable range of motion [7]. A knee-ankle-foot orthotic is typically designed to enable patients suffering from weakness or lack of control of the knee joint to walk safely. It is also used as an independent walking device for a walking-impaired person whose lower limb is paralyzed or whose muscle function is lost due to his spinal cord injury, diseases (such as polio), cerebrovascular disorder, external wounds and so forth. It is comprised of a main hinge assembly, an ankle assembly, a foot plate; a lower leg housing member; an upper leg housing member and supporting structure. Fig. 1.4 Knee Ankle Foot Orthosis HIP KNEE ANKLE FOOT ORTHOSIS (H.K.A.F.O) HKAFO is basically a KAFO with addition of hip joint and pelvic section which  provide control to selected hip motions.   The motions included at the hip are front to back, side to side, and rotation. In the HKAFO there is a minimized risk of the hip  moving out of proper position or dislocating. In this type of caliper, the  hip and lower spine is stabilized in cases where the patient is weak or paralyzed. Fig. 1.5 Hip Knee Ankle Foot Orthosis The average weight of stainless steel calipers are given below. Table 1.1 Weight of conventional stainless steel calipers TYPE OF CALIPER WEIGHT (kg) A.F.O. 1.100 K.A.F.O. 1.600 H.K.A.F.O. 2.250 2. LITREATURE SURVEY Literatures on existing Calipers and design In the literature survey, various designs of existing calipers have been proposed. The patients comfort level, flexibility, cost-effectiveness and weight form the most important basis for the design of the caliper. Some of the recently published works are as follows: Table 2.1: Literature Survey SL.NO TITLE AUTHOR TECHNICAL DETAILS CONCLUSIONS/ LIMITATIONS 1. Anatomical Models of Diarthroidal Joints: Rigid Multibody Systems and Deformable Structures JH Heggard Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering- Volume 2, 2003 Mathematical methods to model diarthroidal joints. Modelling of the joints is necessary to be able to understand the difficulty faced in movement by a post-polio paralytic patient. The various forces and stresses acting on the joints were studied in order to understand various basic movements and to help in the design of calipers. 2. Bioengineering Analysis of Force Actions Transmitted by the Knee Joint JK Marrisson Biomedical Engineering, 5: 164-178, 1988 Determining forces acting on the knee joint as the caliper to be designed is a K.A.F.O(Knee-Ankle-Foot-Orthosis) caliper. Forces on knee joint during locomotion 3. Orthopaedic Prosthesis and Joint Implants Shan Fengwang, Lichun L, Michael J. Yaszemski Biomedical Engineering, 2: 1984 Study of Titanium and its properties such as biocompatibility, light weightedness, density, youngs modulus to check for its use in the manufacture of calipers Use of titanium in biomedical applications and how this could be extended to the manufacture of calipers and reduce the discomfort and weight of the same. 2.1 WORKFLOW Start Caliper Classification Similar Products Analysis Commercial Intelligence Material Selection Manufacturing Process Recognition of Tools and Machineries Development Design of Product Modelling Analysis Fabrication of Prototype Model Fabrication of Prototype Model Testing Verification I/P=O/P Stop Root cause analysis for failure Recognition of Caliper and its Application Fig. 2.1 Workflow 3. SELECTON OF MATERIAL For the design of a caliper, a material is chosen based on its physical properties such as tensile strength, elastic modulus, yield stress, etc. The choice of material is based on a comparative analysis of these factors. Ideally, a material should be chosen such that the caliper is: Comfortable Lightweight, yet strong Easy to handle Cost-effective Durable As attractive as possible Easy to manufacture [8] 3.1 MATERIALS CURRENTLY USED FOR PRODUCTION OF CALIPERS: Braces are made from various types of materials-plastic, elastic, metal, or a combination of similar materials.  At present calipers are of two types: Metallic made from Aluminum, Stainless steel Non-metallic- made from polypropylene, reinforced carbon Advantages of metallic calipers over non-metallic calipers: Less expensive to manufacture: Metallic calipers are cheaper to produce because those manufactured using poly-propylene require specialized moulds to shape the polymer. The biggest expense in making plastic braces is the plaster bandage used for casting a mold of the leg. Easier to customize for each patient: As the height and contours of each patient differs, the metal rods are easier to customize than plastic calipers. They are quick and easy to make They are more durable than plastic calipers. If used with sandals or clogs, in hot weather they are cooler than plastic. 3.2 TITANIUM AS AN ALTERNATIVE MATERIAL: 3.2.1 GENERAL PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM Titanium is a chemical element, metallic in nature whose chemical symbol is Ti , atomic number 22 and atomic weight 47.90. Ti is a transition metal silver in color It has the following properties: low density high tensile strength corrosion-resistant There are two allotropic forms and five naturally occurring isotopes of this element, 46Ti through 50Ti, with 48Ti being the most abundant (73.8%). [8] It is the ninth-most abundant element in the Earths crust (0.63% by mass) and the seventh-most abundant metal. [8] Titanium and its alloys possess suitable mechanical properties such as strength, bend strength and fatigue resistance to be used in load-bearing biomedical applications such as orthopaedics and dentistry. Titanium is a reactive metal. In air, water, or arbitrary electrolytes an oxide layer is formed on the surface of the material. This oxide belongs to one of the most resistant compounds in the mineral world. As the oxide layer is a dense film it protects the metal from chemical attack which is of importance in an aggressive biological environment. Within the human body, titanium is inert as the oxide layer which is formed is in contact with the biological tissue, is hardly soluble and in particular no ions are released that could react with other molecules. [9] There are 22 grades of commercially available alloyed and unalloyed titanium. Based on the application, a suitable grade is chosen. 3.2.2 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF STAINLESS STEEL, ALUMINIUM AND TITANIUM Metals used for the purpose of designing calipers are required to have both high static and cycle-dependent properties. Tensile yield and ultimate strength, modulus of elasticity, and fatigue endurance limit are the principal metallic strength attributes that must be determined. Wear resistance is also an important criterion for all biomaterials. Excessive wear can lead to premature mechanical failure of the replacement component. Table 3.1. Comparative study of the physical properties of the different materials PHYSICAL PROPERTIES MATERIALS Stainless steel Aluminium Titanium Density (g ·cmà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢3) 9.0 2.70 4.51 Ultimate strength (MPa) 860 455 900 Yield strength (MPa) 520 400 830 Yield stress (MPa) 210-350 40-50 240-370 Youngs modulus (GPa) 205 70 110-125 Linear coefficient of thermal expansion ( °F-1) 7.810-6 12.910-6. 5.010-6 Density: Density of a material is defined as the concentration of matter as measured by the mass per unit volume. A higher density indicates a higher mass for a particular volume. Titanium has density between stainless steel and aluminium indicating that for the same volume of material, titanium is lighter than stainless steel but heavier than aluminium. Ultimate strength: Ultimate strength, also known as tensile strength, is defined as the maximum stress a material can withstand before necking. Ultimate strength should be desirably, high for a material. Titanium has ultimate strength higher than stainless steel and twice as high as aluminium indicating that it can withstand greater tensile stress i.e. it can withstand more stress before necking. Fig.3.1 Stress-Strain curve Yield Strength: Yield strength is defined as the property of a material to resist deformation. For a good material, the yield strength should be high. The yield strength for titanium is almost twice as high as stainless steel and aluminium indicating that it can withstand more stress without deforming permanently. Yield Stress: Yield stress is defined as the minimum amount of stress which when applied to the body causes permanent deformation. Even if the applied stress is removed at this point, the object does not return to its original dimensions. The yield stress of titanium is almost equal to stainless steel but more than 6 times than that of aluminium. Youngs Modulus: Youngs modulus is the ratio between stress applied and resulting strain. It is used as a measure of change in linear dimensions upon application of tensile stress. If this ratio is large, it indicates that the material can withstand stress better with less deformation. The Youngs Modulus of titanium is higher than aluminium but lesser than that of stainless steel. The modulus is an important concern in the orthopedic application of biomaterials because: Bone has a modulus on the order of 17 GPa. The discrepancy between the modulus of bone and that of the alloys used to support structural loads means that the metallic devices implanted in the body take a disproportionate share of the load applied as stress. According to Wolffs Law, bone adapts to applied stress. Because alloys cause stress shielding one result of the adaptation is that the bone associated with the implant does not become or remain as strong as it would in the absence of an implant. [12] Linear Coefficient of Expansion: Linear coefficient of expansion is defined as the increase in length per degree rise in temperature. If a metal is alternately subjected to heating and cooling cycles, it should maintain a certain tolerance of dimensions i.e. a low coefficient of thermal expansion is desirable. The linear coefficient of expansion of titanium is much lesser than both stainless steel and aluminium indicating that the change in the dimensions of the object with change in temperature is less, which is desirable. 3.2.3 GRADES OF TITANIUM There are 22 grades of commercially available alloyed and unalloyed titanium. [10] Referenced standards: ASTM- American Standards for Testing Materials This standard is issued under the fixed designation B 338 as revised on November 2003. [15] ASTM Specification for commercially pure titanium: F-67 Table 3.2 Grades of titanium GRADE COMPOSITION Grade 1 Unalloyed titanium Grade 2 Unalloyed titanium Grade 3 Unalloyed titanium Grade 7 Unalloyed titanium plus 0.12 to 0.25 % palladium Grade 9 Titanium alloy (3 % aluminum, 2.5 % vanadium) Grade 11 Unalloyed titanium plus 0.12 to 0.25 % palladium Grade 12 Titanium alloy (0.3 % molybdenum, 0.8 % nickel) Grade 13 Titanium alloy (0.5 % nickel, 0.05 % ruthenium) Grade 14 Titanium alloy (0.5 % nickel, 0.05 % ruthenium) Grade 15 Titanium alloy (0.5 % nickel, 0.05 % ruthenium) Grade 16 Unalloyed titanium plus 0.04 to 0.08 % palladium Grade 17 Unalloyed titanium plus 0.04 to 0.08 % palladium Grade 18 Titanium alloy (3 % aluminum, 2.5 % vanadium) plus 0.04 to 0.08 % palladium Grade 26 Unalloyed titanium plus 0.08 to 0.14 % ruthenium Grade 27 Unalloyed titanium plus 0.08 to 0.14 % ruthenium Grade 28 Titanium alloy (3 % aluminum, 2.5 % vanadium) plus 0.08 to 0.14 % ruthenium Grade 30 Titanium alloy (0.3 % cobalt, 0.05 % palladium) Grade 31 Titanium alloy (0.3 % cobalt, 0.05 % palladium) Grade 33 Titanium alloy (0.4 % nickel, 0.015 % palladium, 0.025 % ruthenium, 0.15 % chromium) Grade 34 Titanium alloy (0.4 % nickel, 0.015 % palladium, 0.025 % ruthenium, 0.15 % chromium) Grade 35 Titanium alloy (4.5 % aluminum, 2 % molybdenum, 1.6 % vanadium, 0.5 % iron, 0.3 % silicon) Grade 36 Titanium alloy (45 % niobium) From the comparative study, the following conclusions were drawn: The yield stress, yield strength and ultimate strength are much higher for titanium. Hence it serves as a suitable material for calipers as it has to withstand the stress applied by the body weight and external forces. Lower stiffness of titanium with respect to stainless steel reduces the severity of stress-shielding. The density of titanium is lesser than stainless steel; therefore the calipers would be much lighter than those made of stainless steel, almost by half. As linear coefficient of thermal expansion is lesser for titanium, the caliper dimensions would not change much with change in temperature. Titanium is more corrosion resistant than stainless steel. Stainless steel relies on chromium to render it passive to corrosion. Titanium however develops passivity on its own from the stable oxide film that forms on its surface. Unalloyed titanium grade 2 has higher ductility and is hence, cast, formed, joined, and machined with relative ease as compared to the alloyed grades.   4. DESIGN OF CALIPER 4.1 DESIGN OF EXISTING CALIPERS 4.2 DEVELOPMENT OF IMPROVED DESIGN Software that was used for the development of caliper design: Autodesk Inventor Professional 2009. 4.2.1 ABOUT AUTODESK INVENTOR PROFESSIONAL 2009 Autodesk Inventor Professional 2009 helps you design, visualize and stimulate the end product desired digitally. It not only includes the 3D mechanical design and CAD productivity, but also the essential tooling of various parts of the end product required such as plastic, that lends itself to manufacturing, and also facilitating in validation of the product digitally, sparing the need to test with physical prototypes.    With the integration of motion simulation and stress analysis tools in Autodesk Inventor Professional 2009, marketing a product becomes a much easier. Effective prediction on how the product will work in real-time conditions can be done and also automation of important aspects of the design such as the injection molds for plastic parts help greatly in minimizing errors to a good extent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An intuitive design environment of Autodesk Inventor Professional 2009 helps in the development of initial sketches and models of different parts. Also, this software helps by automating the basic geometrical sketches to actual prototypes making using of materials such as plastic, steel frames, tubes etc. This therefore reduces the geometry burden and the time required to make necessary changes and bring about innovation in the product, thereby reducing the time it takes to reach the market. Validation, in earlier times, was a very time consuming and expensive process involving skilled specialists but Autodesk Inventor Professional 2009 has made the entire process very simple and simulation expertise is not required now. Simulation and optimization of designs digitally has become very easy due to this software. Simple user interface helps in part by part design and integration. Stress analysis can also be performed to evaluate areas of stress concentration and hence helps in distribution of the same by slight design modifications. Improved Design: Auto Desk Inventor 2009 supports all major drawing formats like DWG and some of the improved features compared to its previous versions include: Design views in high speed Saves a lot of time. Viewing of drawings and annotation takes very less time when compared to the previous versions. Betterment in error handling High level of intelligence to give suggestions regarding geometrical issues. Faster startup time Launch time is much faster when compared to previous versions. Part by part design view Immediate definition and change in any part including dimensions and coloring and suitable assembly instantly. New Standards for 3D Modeling Ease of Use Autodesk Inventor 2009 helps focusing on the problem rather than trying to gain expertise over using the software as such, owing to its advanced user interface and features, making complex dialog boxes redundant. Inventor Fusion Simple tools to explore new shapes and easy on the spot modification of model from any source. Improved design feature creation Better control over the geometry of the design with productivity uncompromised. Assembly design features [20] Assembly Snap tool Interference analysis and contact detection Assembly configurations Large assembly performance Frame Generator Weldments Content Center Design Doctor Direct manipulation It is an important feature of Autodesk Inventor Professional 2009 which helps in uninterrupted design workflow. Being able to control all the commands exactly at the point needed gives more room for free sketching, quicker assembly and better accuracy. Sustainable Design Material selection can now be done considering environmental effects and cost effectiveness. Using Autodesk, it is now possible to access environmental information on materials required for fabrication and make prudent decisions based on careful analysis. 4.2.2 ENGINEERING DRAWINGS OF THE CALIPER During the modeling, different parameters were measured which included Diameter of the mid- thigh Diameter of distal end of the thigh Distance between mid- thigh and distal end of the thigh Diameter of proximal end of the calf Distance between distal end of the thigh and proximal end of the calf Diameter of the distal end of the calf Distance between proximal and distal end of the calf Diameter of ankle Length of the foot Breadth of the toes Breadth of mid-foot Based on these parameters, the design of the calipers was developed using Autodesk Professional Inventor 2009 The drawing was modeled in parts and later assembled into the complete caliper as shown in the drawings. All dimensions are in mm Fig 4.1 Engineering drawing of KAFO All dimensions are in mm Fig 4.2 Engineering drawing of upper leg supporting structure (thigh) All dimensions are in mmFig 4.3 Engineering drawing of lower leg supporting structure (Calf) All dimensions are in mm Fig.4.4 Engineering drawing of the ankle and foot supporting structure All dimensions are in mm Fig 4.5 Engineering drawing of Ti-Strip1 All dimensions are in mm Fig 4.6 Engineering drawing of Ti-Strip 2 All dimensions are in mm Fig 4.7 Engineering drawing of Ti-Bend Strip Fig 4.8 Engineering drawing of the Male Clamp Fig 4.9 Engineering Drawing of Female Clamp Hence, by using Autodesk Inventor Professional 2009, the design for a caliper was developed. The different parts of the caliper were developed individually and later assembled to form a complete model. These diagrams are used as a basis for the development of the prototype. The major changes that were incorporated in the design were at the knee joint: Male and Female Clamp were used to replicate the hinge joint at the knee. In order to assist in easy bending of the caliper while sitting, a rivet was introduced which when unscrewed, will faclitate flexion at the knee. This is primarily useful while sitting and travelling as the caliper need not be completely removed. 5. DEVELOPMENT OF PROTOTYPE The development of prototype was conducted in essentially three steps: Development of PVC prototype Identification of problems and corresponding corrections made Development of titanium protoype 5.1 MANUFACTURING PROCESS There are five major steps in manufacturing the Polyvinylchloride prototype. They have been listed and enumerated below: Marking This is the foremost step in manufacturing. It is also known as Material Planning. Knowing the required dimensions is a prerequisite. Once the dimensions for every part of