Hacking Essay -- essays research papers fc

As the world becomes more and more reliant on computers the computer hacking industry is greatly rising. With people such as Kevin Mitnick, who is known as a "computer terrorist" (Kjochaiche 1), computerized information isn't safe any more. Kevin is known as "the most high-profiled computer criminal and responsible for more havoc in the computer world today."(1) He considered this a fun and easy task. He got caught and thrown into prison, but once he got out nothing changed. Kevin stated that as long as the technology is there it just calls to people to break into it. Computer hackers usually start off young, thinking that it is nothing but a little harmless fun. But as they get older, they realize it has turned into an addiction. The definition of a hacker according to the Hacker's Dictionary, "a person who enjoys exploring the details of programmable systems and how to stretch their capabilities."(Hackers 1) "The Internet is just another playing field." (Kjochaiche 3) "Hackers regard hacking as a game in which their mind is up against that of the system designers." (Hackers 3) The Internet allows the hackers to take files, programs, passwords, and other information from users that are using it. They use this as a tool to make it easier to beat "the system". There are three major types of hackers, one with good intentions but gets slapped in the face due to the bad reputation of others, there are the hackers with bad intentions, and there are the hackers that fit in between. The bad hacker category is the largest by far. "A bad hacker's motives are to punish someone or retaliate against the owner of a computer system."(2) Computer terrorists fall under this category. Some bad hackers may also hack just to challenge the programmer. The hacker feels that if they can break into it then they are much more superior than the person who actually wrote the software. They can feel so superior that t hey might enter a virus to eliminate a program that was not worthy of their abilities. One of the other many goals of a hacker is to steal passwords. Hackers can steal your password about four different ways. Intercepting your password through email is "not that difficult."(How are they getting my password? 1) This is by far the easiest method because all they have to do is take the email as ... ... out. â€Å"More often than not the hackers are soloists.†(Kjochaiche, 6) It is proven that when hackers work together they get caught more often. Hackers will always do their work just like doctors will always treat patience. With the growth of technology comes new threats, and new problems. â€Å"This will continue to be on the rise due to advances in the world.†(Hackers, 3) Millions and millions of dollars will be put to end this but this will not work because new ways of hacking will always be made. Bibliography Works Cited Computer Hackers [Online] Available Http://www.mc2.nu. Dellert, Brian. Interview with a Hacker [Online] Available http://www.rabble.com/xpress/1997.03.01/hacker.com January 3,1997. Espy, Bob. Crime on the Intenet [Online] Available http://www.techforum. com/tsld009.htm. Hackers [Online] Available http://scitsc.wlv.ac.uk/~cm5220/home.html. How are they getting my password? [Online] Available http://geocities.com/yosemite/2215/password.html. Kjochaiche, Ahmad. Kevin Mitnick: Computer Terrorist [Online] Available http://www.rmit.edu.au/lectures/. Orman, Neil. Is your computer hacker-proof? [Online] Available http://www.amcity.com/austin/index.html Septemeber 1, 1997

Four Software Development Methodologies

Student Name Student ID Student Signature Assessor Name Assessor's Signature Final Result / Grade Assessed By / Date Case Study Research (worth 20% of final grade)100 MarksSOF535: Application Design and DevelopmentVersion 1.1, Level 5, Credits 20New Zealand Diploma in Information Technology Technical Support Level 5Task 1: Requirement Gathering and Analysis(Total 40 Marks) comparison between four software development methodologies. Four Software Development MethodologiesWaterfall Development MethodologyThe Waterfall approach to systems analysis and design was the first established modern approach to building a system. This method was originally defined by Winston W. Royce in 1970, (â€Å"The Waterfall Development Methodology†, 2006). It quickly gained support from managers because everything flows logically from the beginning of a project through the end, (Jonasson, 2008). Sources differ when it comes to the specific steps in the Waterfall process.Rapid Application Development MethodologyRapid application development is a software development methodology that uses minimal planning in favor of rapid prototyping. A prototype is a working model that is functionally equivalent to a component of the product.In the RAD model, the functional modules are developed in parallel as prototypes and are integrated to make the complete product for faster product delivery. Since there is no detailed preplanning, it makes it easier to incorporate the changes within the development process.RAD projects follow iterative and incremental model and have small teams comprising of developers, domain experts, customer representatives and other IT resources working progressively on their component or prototype.The most important aspect for this model to be successful is to make sure that the prototypes developed are reusable.Agile Development MethodologyThere are many different forms of the  Agile development method  including: Scrum, Crystal, Extreme Programming (XP), and Feature-Driven Development (FDD).  Agile methods  attempt to minimize risk (such as bugs, cost overruns, and changing requirements) by developing the software in iterations that  are mini-increments of the new functionality. The benefit of multiple iterations is that it improves efficiency by finding and fixing defects and expectation mismatches early on.Agile methods rely on real-time communication, which fails to provide new users with documentation to get up to speed. They require a huge time commitment from the users, and is labor-intensive on the developers due to the need to fully complete each feature within each iteration for user approval. The benefits to the software are realized early on due to the incremental addition of the iterations. The Agile methods are similar to RAD, and  can be inefficient in large organizations. Programmers, management and organizations accustomed to the Waterfall Method may have difficulty adjusting to Agile, and often a hybrid approach works well for them.DevOps Deployment MethodologyDevOps deployment  is centered around organizational change that  enhances the collaboration between the departments responsible for different segments of the development life cycle, such as development, quality assurance and operations. It is focused on improving the time to market, lowering the failure rate of new releases, shortening the lead time between fixes, and prioritizing minimal disruption as well as maximum reliability. To achieve this, DevOps aims to automate its continuous deployment to ensure everything happens smoothly and reliably.Companies that use  DevOps  have benefitted by significantly reducing the time to market, improving customer satisfaction, improving product quality and improving productivity and efficiency of its employees. A few  drawbacks of DevOps includeappropriate methodology that is suitable for this project.It totally depends on the nature of the project. Many people might argue that Agile is the best methodology for software development and it does have significant advantages in most cases; however, saying â€Å"Agile is better than Waterfall† is like saying â€Å"A car is better than a boat†. They both have advantages and disadvantages depending on the environment.Agile/Scrum works best with projects that have high levels of uncertainty and require an adaptive approach. A plan-driven approach (what many people loosely call â€Å"Waterfall†) works best in situations where the requirements are fairly certain and there is some need for predictability of project costs and schedules. And, of course, that is not meant to imply that there is a binary and mutually-exclusive choice between two extremes. There are many ways to blend an adaptive (Agile) approach with a plan-driven approach in the right proportions to fit the situation.There is no â€Å"silver bullet† methodology that fits all possible projects and the right solution is to fit the methodology to the nature of the problem rather than force-fitting a project to some predefined methodology.https://blog.blackducksoftware.com/top-4-software-development-methodologiesTwo types of requirements1.Functional Requirements Functional requirements define the fundamental actions that system must perform.The functional requirements for the system are divided into three main categories, Reservation/Booking, Food, and Management. For further details, refer to the use cases.EXAMPLE 1.Reservation/BookingThe system shall record reservations.The system shall record the customer's first name.The system shall record the customer's last name. The system shall record the number of occupants.The system shall record the room number.The system shall display the default room rate.The system shall allow the default room rate to be changed.The system shall require a comment to be entered, describing the reason for changing the default room rate.The system shall record the customer's phone number.The system shall display whether or not the room is guaranteed. The system shall generate a unique confirmation number for each reservation.The system shall automatically cancel non-guaranteed reservations if the customer has not provided their credit card number by 6:00 pm on the check-in date.EXAMPLE 2FoodThe system shall track all meals purchased in the hotel (restaurant and room service). The system shall record payment and payment type for meals.The system shall bill the current room if payment is not made at time of service.The system shall accept reservations for the restaurant and room service.ManagementThe system shall display the hotel occupancy for a specified period of time (days; including past, present, and future dates).The system shall display projected occupancy for a period of time (days).The system shall display room revenue for a specified period of time (days).The system shall display food revenue for a specified period of time (days). The system shall display an exception report, showing where default room and food prices have been overridden.The system shall allow for the addition of information, regarding rooms, rates, menu items, prices, and user profiles.The system shall allow for the deletion of information, regarding rooms, rates, menu items, prices, and user profiles.The system shall allow for the modification of information, regarding rooms, rates, menu items, prices, and user profiles.The system shall allow managers to assign user passwords.

Basic Communication Process Essays

Basic Communication Process Essays Basic Communication Process Paper Basic Communication Process Paper What is communication? According to Hybel Weaver (2004, p7) the terms ‘Communication’ which is interact with others to share information and beliefs, exchange ideas and feelings, make plans and solve problems. Sometimes this interaction is done interpersonally, in a team or small group, in a conference and sometimes through the media or via computer. We may say that communication consists of transmitting information from one people to another. Communication theory is explains the process of transmitting information, the form and structure of the information, the function and effects of the information. The best ways to understand the communication is to look at models of the process which can help us to understand. Within this paper, we will emphasis â€Å"A Models of the Basic Communication Process† (Verderber Verderber, 2008) features whilst compare with other communication theory. A Model of the Basic Communication Process A Model of the Basic Communication Process which is expanded from the Liner Model of communication by adding feedback to this model, the essential components of communication includes: Sender, Receivers, Messages, Noise, Channels, Feedback and Context. These components are interactive. When two people are communicating, it describes each component’s movement and interdependence with other components which are constantly in transmission to each other. These components also show that communication is a process, it works together as a system, that interaction and transaction are both possible modes of communication. Now that we can see how these components relate during communication, we will discuss each one separately as follow. Sender Receivers Hybels Weaver (2004, p. 9) stated that in the most communication situations, each people are both a sender and receiver. They have information, ideas and feeling to share with others, this sharing is not a one-way process, when one people send ideas to the other people which is receives the message and the process is reversed. Sender translates the ideas or feelings into words or sounds and sent the message to the receiver that process called encoding. In the other hand, receiver to interpret the messages from the sender, that process called decoding. Messages Pearson, Nelson, Titsworth Harter (2006, p. 11) point out that communication messages take many forms which can communicate verbally and nonverbally. The message is a content of the interaction; it includes the symbols for us to use to communicate our ideas, as well as facial expressions, bodily movements etc. Some experts believe that communication stem only from messages that have a purpose. Each message is unique, even if the same message were to be created over and over again, it would be different with each others, although the words might be the same, the messages expressed would be quite different. Noise In the communication process, noise interferes with people receiving a message someone is sending or receiving message. The perceptive communicator realizes: Noise can have both internal and external causes. Internal noise is attributed to the psychological makeup, intellectual ability, or physical condition of communicators. External noise is attributed to the environment. Thus, noise includes distractions such as a loud siren, a disturbing odor, and a hot room; personal factors such as prejudices, daydreaming and feelings of inadequacy; and semantic factors such as uncertainty about what another person’s words are supposed to mean (Gamble 2008, p. 8) Channels Refer to Eunson (2005, p. 1), Channel is the route by which messages flow between sender and receivers. The communication channels allow us to see people’s facial expression and hear voices via radio or television. Communication rarely take place over one channel, it may be use two, three or four different channels simultaneously. Familiar channels include the different type which is include television, smoke signal, telephones, e mail, movies, voices, reports and so on. Feedback Another component in the communication process is feedback, Devito (2006, p. 7) described that the response to a message that a receiver sends back to a sender. Feedback enables a sender to determine whether the communication has been received and understood as intended. Feedback is a natural extension of effective receiving. Receivers have the responsibility of attending to, decoding and determining a message’s intended meaning. Effective of the communication, sender has the ability to understand the feedback and to adjust messages on the basis of that feedback. Context The context refers to surrounding in which communication occurs. Verderber Verderber (2008, p. 6) point out that the context includes: Physical Context, Social Context, Historical Context and Psychological Context. Each context have different characteristic: ? Physical context is the location, e. g. the environmental, the distance between communicators, seating arrangements, etc. ?Social Context refers to the status of relationship between the participants. ?Historical context is the background provided by previous communication event between the participants. ?Psychological context includes the moods and ideas of each people bring to the interpersonal experience. Each context will affect the degree of formality in the communication. What different with the transmission model of communication? Summarized Wood (2003, p. 17) said, transmission model was an early model of communication, which described it as a linear or one-way process. It also best known model of communication is one devised by Shannon and Weaver (1949). This model is in a simple, easily understood form and a general model that can be applied to most types of communication. The transmission model of communication consists of the following components: Sender, Receiver, Message, Code, Channel and Noise. In this model, it ignores the important component of the responding Feedback from the receiver. At this point, Wood (2003, p. 8) defined that: Feedback may be verbal, nonverbal, or both and it may be intentional or unintentional. Wilbur Schramm (1955) depicted feedback as a second kind of message in the communication process. Research has confirmed Schramm’s insight that feedback is important. Supervisors report that communication accuracy and on-the-job productivity rise when they encourage their subord inates to give feedback – ask questions, comment on supervisors’ messages, and respond to supervisory communication (Deal Kennedy, 1999) Communication relied on the feedback to make the necessary adjustments. Communication is an interactive process which relies on the active participation of both sender and receiver; therefore, the transmission model is not an accurate to reflect the complex nature of communication. It fails to allow explains of meaning which is so important to our success in communicating with each others. Overview Hybels Waeaver (2004 p. 28) concluded that everyone needs good communication skills. Communication is ongoing process in which people share ideas and feelings. The communication also is the interdependent process, the essential component of communication include: sender-receivers, messages, noise, channels, feedback and context. Communication plays a important role in all aspects of our lives. So that, effective communication help us to enhances our relationships and allows us to make connections with people from different cultures. Each of the communication process can improve our effectiveness as communicators by applying the guidelines and principles. ~ End ~ Reference List Devito, J 2006, Human Communication The Basic Course, 10th Edition, Pearson Education Inc. USA Eunson, B 2005, Communicating in the 21st Century, Wiley, Milton, Queensland Gamble, M Gamble, T 2005, Communication Works, 9th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York. Hybels, S Weaver, R 2004, Communicating Effectively, 7th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York Pearson, J, Nelson, P, Titsworth, S Harter, L 2006, Human Communication, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York Wood, J 2003, Comm unication in Our Live, 3rd Edition, Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc, USA Verderber, R Verderber K 2008, Communicate, 12th Edition, Thomson Higher Education, USA