Introduction of Ikea free essay sample

Introduction of IKEA IKEA   is a  privately held, international home products  retailer  that sells  flat pack  furniture, accessories, and bathroom and kitchen items in their retail stores around the world. The company, which pioneered flat-pack design furniture at affordable prices, is now the worlds largest furniture retailer. [3] IKEA was founded in 1943. Currently, the company is owned by a  Dutch-registered foundation that is believed to be controlled by the Kamprad family. IKEA is an acronym comprising the initials of the founders name (IngvarKamprad), the farm where he grew up (Elmtaryd), and his home parish (Agunnaryd, in  Smaland, South Sweden). [4] INGKA Holding B. V. is the parent company for all IKEA Group companies, including the industrial group Swedwood, which commissions the manufacturing of IKEA furniture coming from any manufacturer worldwide (outsourcing), the sales companies that run IKEA stores, as well as purchasing and supply functions, and IKEA of Sweden, which is responsible for the design and development of products in the IKEA range. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction of Ikea or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page INGKA Holding B. V. is wholly owned by  Stichting INGKA Foundation, which is a  non-profit  foundation  registered in  Leiden, Netherlands. The logistics centre europe is located in  Dortmund, Germany. Inter IKEA Systems B. V. in  Delft, also in the Netherlands, owns the IKEA concept and trademark, and there is a franchising agreement with every IKEA store in the world. The IKEA Group is the biggest franchisee of Inter IKEA Systems B. V. Inter IKEA Systems B. V. is not owned by INGKA Holding B. V. , but by Inter IKEA Holding S. A. egistered in  Luxembourg, which in turn is part of Inter IKEA Holding registered in the  Netherlands Antilles. The ownership of the holding companies has not been disclosed | | |[pic] | |In Hong Kong, the IKEA business started as early as in 1975. Then in 1988 Jardine Pacific acquired the franchise. The acquisition of IKEA (Hong Kong) and IKEA (Taiwan) by | |The Dairy Farm Company Ltd in 2002 brought new opportunities for business growth. With the rich retailing experience and expertise of The Dairy Farm Company Ltd, and on the| |strength of the companies histories, IKEA is ready to take off into an even brighter future. | |Today, we are one of the market leaders in home furnishing and lifestyle products. There are  3  IKEA stores in Hong Kong, giving a total retail area of 210,000 sq. ft. , where| |you can find a huge variety of functionally designed items at low, low prices. By buying in larger volumes, we can lower the prices, so our customers can save even more. |This web site gives you just a small glimpse of our exciting range there is much more at our stores! Come and be inspired and give your home a facelift! | | | Visual merchandising tips Retail visual merchandising shares many of the same principles as advertising, graphic design, and interior design — the purpose of visual merchandising is to create a logical and visually pleasing environment that will grab attention and trans late into increased sales. Visual merchandising basics are pretty easy to understand — a clean store, well lit, with merchandise displayed in neat groupings. But visual merchandising can delve deeper, focusing on the how your customers might think, feel and react to the environment that youve created. The following are a dozen tips for retail visual merchandising: 1. Take It Outside If the weathers good and youre allowed to do so, set up a display of merchandise outside your store. This can create a sense of excitement and buzz. 2. Identify Everything Customers are in a hurry. Use signage to identify not only departments but categories — this will help customers pinpoint what they need and inspire additional purchases. . Set The Mood With Your Windows Store windows are incredibly valuable merchandising territory: use them to set the mood of the event or sale youre having. This mood should match the mood your customers want to experience after buying from you: do they want excitement, romance, serenity? 4. Embrace All The Senses Great merchandising appeals to more than the eyes. Consider how your store sounds, smells, and even feels : are all of these messages youre sending with music, scents, and other environmental factors in keeping with the displays you create? You can evoke senses without addressing them directly. For example, putting a pair of red bowls and spoons with a display of a tomato soup can get mouths watering! 5. Show Them How It Will Look At Home Use your displays to show customers how the merchandise will look in their home. For example, if youre selling jewelry, present it in the gift box, perhaps with some curls of ribbon still clinging to the box a row of pans hanging neatly. Many customers cant envision merchandise in application — when they see a pan in a box, for example, they see a pan in a box. But put that same pan on a faux stovetop, with a cheerful checkered potholder and a pair of wineglasses nearby with a stack of cook books, and suddenly that pan is something more: its a potential romantic dinner for two, just waiting to be whipped up. 6. Group Like With Like Organize your store logically: customers should be able to find all of one type of merchandise easily. Create groupings within categories, so all the merchandise that is one color, type, price or size is positioned together. 7. Group By Lifestyle Display merchandise from several categories that all share the same theme — in the appropriate environment setting. For example, in an office supply store, a display could reflect the workplace of a high-tech wizard, pairing together the right steel and glass desk with cutting edge accessories centered around the computer, or a classic CEO suite, with old school green glass lamps on a heavy walnut desk, replete with blotter. 8. Use the Spotlight Lighting attracts customers, much like moths to the flame! Dramatic lighting doesnt have to be expensive: well placed spotlights can draw attention to key pieces of merchandise. Make sure to use spotlights within your store as well as in the windows! 9. Change Your Displays Often! A great display is a great display — the first time the customer sees it. But what if the customer sees that same display next week, and the week after that? Suddenly the display is not so great. Its boring; the same-old, same-old. Customers dont come back to boring stores! Plan on changing your displays with the seasons. Even better is to do so weekly. 10. Use color Strong color can have strong results: plan your displays around a central color that pops and captures the customers attention. Try to have a different color every season (or every week if you can). If youve used yellow as your central color this season, go with purple or blue next time — not red or orange. 11. Integrate Motion Merchandise that moves will catch the eye. If you have anything that moves — from clocks to toys to music boxes, take one out and set it up. Let customers see it working. If your merchandise is more static, bring motion into the store with a mobile, fan, etc. 12. Remember the Rule of Three Whenever you create a display, work in sets of three. If youre arranging merchandise by height, have a tall, taller, tallest. If something is squat and round, have a fat, fatter, fastest. You can even group by price: good, better, best displays works surprisingly well. Category Management  is a retailing concept in which the range of products sold by a  retailer  is broken down into discrete groups of similar or related products; these groups are known as product categories (examples of grocery categories might be: tinned fish, washing detergent, toothpastes). Each category is run as a mini business (Business Unit) in its own right, with its own set of turnover and/or  profitability  targets andstrategies. Introduction of Category Management in a business tends to alter the relationship between  retailer  and  supplier: instead of the traditional adversarial relationship, the relationship moves to one of  collaboration, exchange of information and data and joint business building. The focus of all supplier negotiations is the effect on turnover of the category as whole, not just the sales of individual products. Suppliers are expected, indeed in many cases, mandated to only suggest new product introductions, a new  planogram  or promotional activity if it is expected to have a beneficial effect on the turnover or profit of the total category and be beneficial to the shoppers of that category. [1] The concept originated in  Grocery  (Mass merchandising) retailing, but has expanded to other retail sectors such as  DIY,  Cash and Carry,Pharmacy/Drugstore and Book retailing. [2] Contents | |  [hide] | |1  Definition of Category Management | |2  Rationale for Category Management | |3  Definition of a Category | |4  The Category Management 8 Step Process | |5  Category Captains | |6  Governmental concerns about Category Management | |7  Category Management Association | |8  See also | |9  References | [edit]Definition of Category Management Category Management lacks a single definition thus leading to some ambiguity even among industry professionals as to its exact function. Three comparative mainstream definitions are as follows: Category Management is a process that involves managing product categories as business units and customising them [on a store by store basis] to satisfy customer needs. (Nielsen)[3] The strategic management of product groups through trade partnerships which aims to maximise sales and profit by satisfying consumer and shopper needs  (Institute of Grocery Distribution)[4] [a] .. marketing strategy in which a full line of products (instead of the individual products or brands) is managed as a strategic business unit (SBU). (Business Dictionary)[5] The Nielsen definition, published in 1992, was a little ahead of its time in that customising product offerings on a store by store basis is logistically difficult and is now not considered a necessary part of Category Management; it is a concept now referred to as  micromarketing. Nevertheless, most grocery retailers will segment stores at least by size, and select product assortments accordingly. Wal*Marts Store of the Community, implemented in North America is one of the few examples of where product offerings are tailored right down to the specific store. [6] [edit]Rationale for Category Management One key reason for the introduction of Category Management was the retailers desire for suppliers to add value to their (i. e. the retailers) business rather than just the suppliers own. For example, in a category containing brands A and B, the situation could arise such that every time brand A promoted its products, the sales of brand B would go down by the amount that brand A would increase, resulting in no net gain for the retailer. The introduction of Category Management imposed the condition that all actions undertaken, such new  promotions, new products, re-vamped  planogram, introduction of  Point of Sale  advertising  etc. were beneficial to the retailer and the shopper in the store. A second reason was the realisation that only a finite amount of profit could be milked from price negotiations and that there was more profit to be made in increasing the total level of sales. A third reason was that the collaboration with the supplier meant that suppliers expertise about the market could be drawn upon, and also that a considerable amount of workload in developing the category could be delegated to the supplier. [7] [edit]Definition of a Category The Nielsen definition of a category, used as the basic definition across the industry is that the products should meet a similar consumer need, or that the products should be inter-related or substitutable. [8]  The Nielsen definition also includes a provision that products placed together in the same category should be logistically manageable in store (for example there may be issues in having room-temperature and chilled products together in the same category even though the initial two conditions are met). However, this definition does not explain how the process often works in practical retailing situationsm, where  demographic  or marketing considerations take precedence. [edit]The Category Management 8 Step Process [pic] [pic] The Category Management 8 Step Process The industry standard model for Category Management is the 8-step process, or 8-step cycle developed by the Partnering Group. [9]. The eight steps are shown in the diagram on the right; they are  : 1. Define the Category (i. e. what products are included/excluded). 2. Define the role of the category within the retailer. 3. Assess the current performance. 4. Set objectives and targets for the category. 5. Devise an overall Strategy. 6. Devise specific tactics. 7. Implementation. 8. The eighth step is one of review which takes us back to step 1. The 8-step process, whilst being very comprehensive and thorough has been criticized for being rather too unwieldy and time-consuming in todays fast-moving sales environment; in one survey only 9% of supplier companies stated they used the full 8-step process. [10]  The current industry trend is for supplier companies to use the standard process as a basis to develop their own more streamlined processes, tailored to their own particular products[11] Market Research company Nielsen has a similar process based on only 5 steps  : Reviewing the Category, Targeting consumers, Planning merchandising, Implementing strategy, Evaluating results. [edit]Category Captains It is commonplace for one particular supplier into a category to be nominated by the retailer as a Category Captain. The Category Captain will be expected to have the closest and most regular contact with the retailer and will also be expected to invest time, effort, and often financial investment into the strategic development of the category within the retailer. In return, the supplier will gain a more influential voice with the retailer. The Category Captain is often the supplier with the largest turnover in the category. Traditionally the job of Category Captain is given to a  brand  supplier, but in recent times the role has also gone to particularly switched-on  Private label  suppliers. [12] In order to do the job effectively, the supplier may be granted access to a greater wealth of data-sharing, e. g. more access to an internal sales database such as  Walmarts Retail Link. [edit]Governmental concerns about Category Management Many governments have viewed increased collaboration between suppliers and retailers as a potential source of  antitrust  breaches, such as  price fixing. For example the UK  Competition Commission[13]  has raised their issues on market distortion in principle. They have also acted on milk price-fixing in Britain. [14] [edit]Category Management Association The Category Management Association (CMA), is a professional Association with members that come from a broad range of strategic insights and planning functions. It connects members with category managment peers around the world, is a central resource for catman information and best practices, and is the only group certifying coursework and category management professionals according to recognized industry standards. It was formed in 2004.

Abortion Essays (434 words) - Abortion Debate, Abortion, Fertility

Abortion Essays (434 words) - Abortion Debate, Abortion, Fertility Abortion Abortion It is an undoubted fact of biological science that from the moment of conception, a new human life has been created. Only those who are irrational or ignorant of science doubt that when a human sperm fertilizes a human ovum, a new human being is created. That is why I disagree with aborting infants. If abortion is the taking of a human life and yet people feel that it should be just a personal matter between a woman and a doctor there seems to be two choices open to them. First, that they would believe that other acts of destruction to human beings should be of no concern of society and therefore, eliminate them from the criminal code. Secondly, because a person is not close to the deceased, they shouldnt be concerned with their death. I agree that the fetus has not developed full potential as a human being, but, neither have any of us. Nor will any of us ever reach that level of perfection. Because some of us may be less far along the path than others, does not give them the right t o kill us. Those in favor of abortion assume that they have that right. To say that a ten week fetus has a less value that a baby, means also that one must consider a baby of less value then a child, a young adult of less value than an old man. This idea is completely absurd. Some try to excuse the murder of a person because the mother might have been forced upon pregnancy due to either the tragedy of rape or incest. I am not condemning the crime that the female had to undergo, but I will also not condemn abortion. No sane reasoning can place the slightest blame on the unborn child it might produce. Murder is never justified, even to relieve a great pain, and even if there was a prior injustice, such as the child being forced on the woman against her will. Should we compound the psychic scar already inflicted on the matter by her having the guilt of destroying a living being which was at least half her own? While it is easy to feel that abortion is being performed for the sake of th e fetus, in reality abortions are performed for adults. There is no way to indicate that an infant with a birth defect would rather not be born since he cannot be consulted. If we kill infants with confidential defects before they are born, why not after birth, why not any human, we declare defective? Bibliography created.

Top 10 Advanced French Mistakes

Top 10 Advanced French Mistakes If you speak French at an advanced level, congratulations! You may not be fluent yet, but youre definitely on your way. Nonetheless, there are probably a few concepts you can use a bit of help with. Oftentimes these are small details that dont affect your listeners comprehension, but mistakes are mistakes and if you want to be fluent you need to avoid them. Here are the ten most common French mistakes and difficulties for advanced speakers, with links to lessons. Rhythm Pronunciation-wise, one of the last things most French students master is the rhythm of French. In many languages, words and sentences have stressed syllables, but French does not. It can be very difficult to get the hang of giving each syllable the same stress when ones own language is so different, especially when trying to stress the importance of a particular word. Understanding French rhythm is the first step to being able to mimic it. vs. De The prepositions and de cause endless problems for French students because they are used in similar constructions to mean different things. De, du, de la, or des? Another pitfall for advanced French speakers has to do with the preposition de and the indefinite and partitive articles. French teachers commonly receive questions about whether a given phrase should be followed by de or by du, de la, or des. Verbs with Prepositions In English, many verbs require a certain preposition in order for the meaning of the verb to be complete, such as to look at and to listen to. The same is true in French, but the prepositions  required for French verbs are often not the same as the ones required by their English counterparts. In addition, some verbs that require a preposition in English dont take one in French, and vice versa. It all boils down to memorizing verbs with their prepositions. Cest vs. Il est The expressions cest and il est are often confused. Like and de, above, cest and il est have strict rules on usage- they may mean something similar, but their usage is quite distinct. Le  facultatif As an advanced French speaker, you should be very familiar with  le  as  a  definite article  and  direct object pronoun. What you may not know is that there are two optional uses of  le. The  neuter object pronoun  le  is  an optional, formal construction found most commonly in written French, and  l  is sometimes used in front of  on  to increase euphony in French. Indefinite French I find that one of the hardest things to translate into another language is indefiniteness, such as anyone, something, everywhere, all the time. This index includes links to lessons on every kind of indefiniteness, from  indefinite adjectives  to the  indefinite subject pronoun  on.​ Impersonal French Grammatically speaking,  impersonal  refers to words or structures which are invariable; that is, they do not specify a grammatical person. This is, like indefiniteness, a fairly difficult concept for many students of French. Reflexive vs.  Object Pronouns Reflexive pronouns  are used with  pronominal verbs, while object pronouns are used with  transitive verbs, and they have very different purposes. Yet they cause problems for many students due to the issue of  agreement  with pronouns that precede a compound verb. Before you worry about  agreement, though, you need to be sure you understand the difference between reflexive and direct object pronouns- how to use them, separately and together. Agreement I can almost guarantee that you have trouble with some aspect of  agreement,  because even native speakers have trouble with it sometimes! There are numerous types of agreement, but the most difficult tend to be agreement with direct objects that precede compound verbs and with pronominal verbs.

Literature Review about Social Media - Facebook, Twitter, Instragram

About Social Media - Facebook, Twitter, Instragram. SEO and PPC and Tools to do with Social Media - Literature review Example In general, the websites of the organisations are made up of either with the integration of Pay-Per-Click (PPC) or Search Engine Optimisation (SEO) (Distilled, 2012). Keeping with the changing trend in the current social media campaigns, the paper intends to critically discuss about the tools that can be used by WordPress website with social media campaign involving Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. According to the various studies and analytical research surveys, it has been critically recognised that there are fundamentally two types of tools used to develop an effective social media campaign of an organisation. According to Odden (2012), SEO and PPC are the major tools of an effective social media campaign. The tools have been widely accepted and implemented to streamline the promotional strategies of the organisations’ websites along with different products and/services offered by any particular organisations (Odden, 2012). According to Chaney (2009) the concept of SEO is simply defined as a bit of moving target, which involves number of influences on the websites of a particular organisation. The best practice of a SEO significantly incorporates a mix of attention towards the content, keywords, social signals and links associated with the organisational websites to be promoted by the use of social media networks (Chaney, 2009). Moreover, the study of Eid & Ward (200 9) also suggest that an effective practice of SEO also involves certain other crucial factors such as speed of the web page along with semantic mark-up and authority of the author. This process enables greater benefit to the organisations to maintain efficiency of the websites and also provides adequate support to promote range of organisational products/services to a wide number of global clients (Eid & Ward, 2009). In relation to the concept of PPC, the study of Distilled, (2012); Ellam (2004) have critically

Intergovernmental Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Intergovernmental Management - Research Paper Example Collaboration is a deliberative process, which involves the participation and debating of issues by everyone, including the public, who have a stake in the outcomes too. However, collaboration needs consensus to be reached between the stakeholders and the public. Networks are also vital in collaborations. Reaching a consensus is easy, but translating the consensus into results is the hard part. The networks are responsible for guiding and supporting implementation, as well as supporting the management responses. Margerum integrates the seven Cs into the collaboration process. First communication, which is sharing of information, is essential. This could be one-way or two-way. However, a two-way communication is most appropriate for collaboration, as it is more interactive. Consultation between government or non-governmental organizations and the people offers a significant exchange of information and gives an opportunity for feedback from the public. In addition, conflict resolution in collaboration begins with communication, which must be effective. Conflict resolution may be formal or informal. Consensus building involves stages that lead to a mutual agreement between the involved parties. Cooperation makes the parties work independently toward one goal. Finally, coordination makes the parties work collectively toward one common goal (Margerum, 2011). On the other hand, Norris-Tirrell and Clay in their collaboration model, define collaboration as a way of addressing problems affecting the public through the sharing of information and knowledge among different parties to result in positive change. Before getting into collaboration, it is important for the parties to be prepared to work outside the boundaries of their organizations or departments. In addition, Norris-Tirrell and Clay present collaboration as a continuum and argue that collaboration

Aphoristic Dangers of Alexander Pope Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If â€Å"imitation is the sincerest flattery,† then more than 250 years after his passing Alexander Pope deserves a spot in the ranks as one of the most flattered writers of all time. His works have been dissected of every phrase of possible significance and spilled onto page-a-day calendars and books of wit across the world. The beauty of his catchy maxims is that they are not only memorable, but attempt to convey his philosophy with perfect poetic ingenuity. Unfortunately, his well-achieved goals of â€Å"strik[ing] the reader more strongly† (Man 2527), easy retainability of his words, and most decidedly, conciseness, also yield an undesired effect. Utilizing this dicey method of epigrammatic couplets for such serious issues, Pope sacrifices pieces of his intended message, for the sake of rhyme, leading to easily misleading and generalizing messages that are open to scathing criticisms, misunderstandings and the possible loss of his some of his co mposition’s integrity as well as a confusion of his own convictions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The keys to great aphorisms are their ability to be applied to more common situations, thereby making them even more memorable by their availability for frequent usage, their ear-catching prominence and their paradoxical nature. That final element is what makes aphorisms so engaging. The most witty and intelligent examples are those that expose two supposed opposites for their ironic closeness and display the fine line between contradiction and a surprisingly parallel relationship between both.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A good example of such a saying is found in line 213 of â€Å"An Essay on Criticism.† â€Å"Trust not yourself; but your defects to know, / Make use of every friend - and every foe.† Here Pope is in the advising stage of his Essay and uses the surprise ending â€Å"and every foe† as a display of irony, in that it’s not only the counsel of friends one needs to depend on, but the unabashed critique of one’s rivals that can prove useful, as well. It is these types of witticisms that are a notorious characteristic of essays in general, but the most enjoyable and artistic part of Pope’s works.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pope’s true genius is displayed in his one-line masterpieces that do not rely on rhyme to stay memorable. â€Å"An Essay on Criticism† is full of these. â€Å"For fool rush in where an... ...cance of Pope’s use of epigrammatic couplets as his rhetorical device of choice in these two essays is that many faults are found in such a method, for the sake of didacticism. True scholars would be able to take his message, had it instead been explicated in prose, and thoroughly, and without uncertainty, been able to learn and build upon his salient arguments. Were his goal merely to advise and entertain, then he did so exceptionally well while building a legendary volume of aphorisms in the process, but if Pope was truly trying to develop and compose an argument for critique and the state of man to follow and imitate Nature, then essayistic prose following the models of Locke and Hobbes would have been more appropriate and less ambiguous. Works Cited Pope, Alexander. â€Å"An Essay on Criticism.† The Longman Anthology of British   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Literature. Volume 1C. Ed. David Damrosch, et al. New York: Longman,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1999. 2459-2478 Pope, Alexander. â€Å"An Essay on Man.† The Longman Anthology of British   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Literature. Volume 1C. Ed. David Damrosch, et al. New York: Longman,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1999. 2526-2535

History of the Philippines

CONTRIBUTION AND ACHIEVEMENTS General Emilio Aguinaldo (January 23, 1899 – April 1, 1901) To make it easier for you to master, always remember why Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was on the 5-peso bill (which is not used anymore, instead his head-profile is on the 5-peso coin) bearing the Philippine flag at the celebration of the Philippine Independence Day, it’s because he was the  first president  of the Philippines First Republic (a. k. a. Malolos Republic). Contributions and Achievements of Emilio Aguinaldo: * first president * youngest president – he became the country’s leader at age 28 * longest-lived president – he died when he was 94 (wow! * one of the active leaders of KKK * signed the Pact of  Biak na Bato * known as the President of the Revolutionary Government * he fought against the Spanish and American to retain our independence 2Manuel L. Quezon (November 15, 1935 – August 1, 1944) Notable facts about Manuel Luis Quezon is that, h e is known as the â€Å"Father of National Language† (Ama ng Wikang Pambansa) and he died in Saranac Lake, New York due to tuberculosis. I’ve seen his life-sized wax statue inside the Quezon Memorial Circle, it was well crafted. Contributions and Achievements of Manuel L. Quezon: first Senate president elected as President of the Philippines * first president elected through a national election * first president under the Commonwealth * he created National Council of Education * he initiated women’s suffrage in the Philippines during the Commonwealth * he made Tagalog / Filipino as the national language of the Philippines * he appears on the twenty-peso bill * a province, a city, a bridge and a university in Manila were named after him * his body lies within the special monument on Quezon Memorial Circle 3 Jose P. Laurel (October 14, 1943 – August 17, 1945)Laurel was the third to sit at the office during Japanese occupation of World War II. He was the onl y Filipino president to have been shot outside of combat. Contributions and Achievements of Jose P. Laurel: * he was considered as the legitimate president of the Philippines * he organized KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas). * he declared Martial Law in 1944 * he and his family developed the establishment of Lyceum of the Philippines 4. Sergio Osmena (August 1, 1944 – May 28, 1946) Sergio Osmena was the second president of the Commonwealth; he succeeded Quezon after his death.Contributions and Achievements of Sergio Osmena: * he was 65 when he became president– making him the oldest president to hold office * he was the first Visayan to become president * he joined US Gen. Douglas McArthur in Leyte on October 20, 1944 starting the freedom of the Philippines from the Japanese during World War II * during his time, the Philippine National Bank has been rehabilitated and the country joined the International Monetary Fund * on his time, the Bell Trad e Act was approved by the US Congress * Sergio Osmena appears on the 50 peso bill Manuel Roxas (May 28, 1946 – April 15, 1948) Roxas was the fifth president of the Philippines overall but he was considered as the third and last president under the Commonwealth and the first of the Third Republic of the Philippines. He only sat in the office for 1 year, 10 months and 18 days. Contributions and Achievements of Manuel A. Roxas: was inaugurated as the new and first president of the new Republic because the Philippines was finally free after the WW II * in his time, the country has started reconstruction from war damage and the Philippines started breathing without foreign rule * under his term, the Philippine Rehabilitation Act and Philippine Trade Act laws were accepted by the congress * he is in the 100 peso bill 6,Elpidio Quirino (April 17, 1948 – December 30, 1953) He was the vice president at Roxas time. He became president when the latter died in 1948. Contributions and Achievements of Elpidio Quirino: under his term Hukbalahap movement was active * he created Social Security Commission * he also created Integrity Board to monitor graft and corruption * in 1948, Quezon City was the capital of the Philippines * peso and dollar exchange rate at his time was 1 US = P2 7. Ramon Magsaysay (December 30, 1953 – March 17, 1957) He was born in Iba, Zambales, was a military governor, and engineer. He died on a plane crash on Dec. 1957, boarding the presidential plane named â€Å"Mt. Pinatubo Contributions and Achievements of Ramon Magsaysay: * was a chairman of the Committee on Guerilla Affairs was the first president sworn into office wearing  Barong Tagalogin his inauguration * his presidency was referred as the Philippines’ Golden Years for it was the cleanest and zero-corruption * the Philippines was ranked 2nd  in Asia’s clean and well-governed countries * he established National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administrati on (NARRA) among his agrarian reforms 8,Carlos P. Garcia (March 18, 1957 – December 30, 1961) Another lawyer, Carlos P. Garcia was a poet, teacher, and guerilla leader too. Born from Bohol, he was the vice president of Magsaysay and secretary of Foreign Affairs for 4 years.He became president when Magsaysay died in 1957. Contributions and Achievements of Carlos P. Garcia * he was known for  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Filipino First Policy† * he established the Austerity Program focusing on Filipino trade and commerce * was known as the â€Å"Prince of Visayan Poets† and the â€Å"bard from Bohol† * cultural arts was revived during his term * was the first president to have his remains buried at the  Libingan ng mga Bayani 9. Diosdado Macapagal (December 30, 1961 – December 30, 1965) He was born in Lubao, Pampanga, Diosdado Macapagal is the father of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, the 14thand second woman president of the Philippines.He was a lawyer and a professor, too. Contributions and Achievements of Diosdado Macapagal: * he established the first Land Reform Law * he placed the Philippines currency – peso, on the currency exchange market * he made June 12 1898 as the Philippines’ Independence Day * he signed the Minimum Wage Law * he signed the creation of the Philippine Veteran’s Bank 10,Ferdinand Marcos (December 30, 1965 – February 25, 1986) Born from Sarrat, Ilocos Norte, Ferdinand Edralin Marcos was a lawyer and Senate President for 3 years.He was president for 21 years and only quit office after the People Power Revolution. His wife,  Imelda Marcos  became quite popular in the world too. His term was the most controversial and messy one because of Martial Law and People Power although Marcos has contributed a lot of nice things in the Philippines. He was  one of the best and brightest presidents  even though their family was rumored to have embezzled public funds to Switzerland and other wealthy countrie s. Contributions and Achievements of Ferdinand Marcos: * he was the first president to win a second term * he declared Martial Law on Sept. 2, 1972 * he increased the size of Philippine military and armed forces * in 1980, GNP was 4 times greater than 1972 * in 1986, the Philippines was one of the most indebted countries in Asia * he built more schools, roads, bridges, hospitals and infrastructures than all former presidents did combined * is the only president whose remains interred inside a refrigerated crypt 11. Corazon Aquino (February 25, 1986 – June 30, 1992) The first woman president of the Philippines and the first woman president in Asia, Cory Aquino is the wife of Benigno Aquino Jr. (who was assassinated during Marcos regime).She was born in Paniqui, Tarlac Contributions and Achievements of Corazon Aquino: * was named â€Å"Woman of the Year† in 1986 by Time magazine * first woman president of the Philippines and Asia * she’s known to bring back democr acy in the country * she abolished 1973 Marcos Constitution brought the new Constitution of the Philippines * she reorganized the structure of the executive branch of government * signed the Family Code of 1987 and 1191 Local Government Code * she always initiated charitable and social activities helping the poor and the needy * she’s been cited as a modern-day Joan of Arc by many she is in the new 500 peso bill together with her husband Ninoy Aquino she has received great honors and awards such as one of: * 100 Women Who Shaped World History * 20 Most Influential Asians of the 20th  Century * 65 Great Asian Heroes * a recipient of J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understandin 12. Fidel V. Ramos (June 30, 1992 – June 30, 1998) FVR was the chief-of-staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines before he became president. Unknown to many, he’s also a civil engineer. He brought back economic growth and stability in the country in spite of the Asian Fin ancial Crisis in 1997.He is the first and only non-Catholic president of the Philippines. Contributions and Achievements of Fidel V. Ramos * during his time, the Philippines was cited as  Asia’s Next Economic Tiger  because he brought back economic growth * the Philippines celebrated Centennial Independence in 1998 * he’s the only Filipino who received  British Knighthood  from the United Kingdom, bestowed by Queen Elizabeth II (Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael and St. George) * he led the 4th  APEC Summit held in the Philippines his â€Å"Philippines 2000† vision made the Philippine Stock Exchange one of the best in the world in the mid-90s * Death Penalty was reinstated at his time * he signed peace talks and agreement with the MNLF 13. Joseph Estrada (June 30, 1998 – January 20, 2001) Known as Erap, he was the first president who was a famous film actor. His governance had so many downs due to controversies, impeachment and slow economic growth. I think he’s the first president who has been impeached and the second one who was forced to leave the office because of People Power III in Edsa.Philippine economy was at its worst because of leadership uncertainty. Contributions and Achievements of Joseph â€Å"Erap† Estrada: * during his time, the MILF’s headquarters and camps were captured * he joined other leaders and politicians who supported against the Charter Change * was cited as one of the Three Outstanding Senators in 1989 * was among the â€Å"Magnificent 12† who voted for the termination of the Philippines and US Military Bases Agreement from Clark Airbase and Subic Naval Base 14.Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (January 20, 2001 – June 30, 2010) Gloria Arroyo, daughter of ex-president Diosdado Macapagal, was the second female president of the Philippines. She was 14 when she moved and lived in the Malacanang Palace. Oakwood Mutiny occurred on her term. There were also lots o f messy controversies against Gloria like impeachments and the Hello Garci disgrace but Gloria has known to have contributed big record for road, bridges infrastructures and higher economic growth than the past 3 presidents term did.Amid the 2008 global financial crisis, the Philippines still had an impressive GDP growth and it was so hard to keep it afloat but she did. Contributions and Achievements of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo: * second female president of the country * first and only female vice-president of the Philippines so far (to date) * first president to had oath taking outside Luzon an ex-professor of Economics at the Ateneo de Manila University where Noynoy Aduino was one of her students * an ex-classmate of former  US president Bill Clinton  at Georgetown University’s Walsh School of Foreign Service where she maintained Dean’s list status * she regained  higher economic growth than the past 3 presidents before her * Philippine economy grew at its faste st in 3 decades in 2007, GDP exceeding 7% growth * US ex-president Bill Clinton cited Gloria’s â€Å"tough decisions† because of her brilliant strategy to make the country's economy back in shape amidst the 2008 global financial crisis * Peso became the best performing currency of the year in Asia in 2007 * eVAT Law was implemented under her term * she is currently in the 200 peso bill 15 Benigno Aquino III (June 30, 2010 – present) Son of the first female president of the Philippines and Asia – Corazon Aquino, Benigno Aquino III Aquino a. k. a. NoyNoy joined the House of Representatives and the Senate before his presidency. He is the first president who is a bachelor, unmarried and has no children.Contributions and Achievements of Benigno Aquino III: * he created the no wang-wang policy and this was practiced on his inaugural address * he assigned the notable Jesse Robredo as the secretary of DILG in 2010. * he initiated the K-12 education in the Philipp ines * he renamed the Office of the Press Secretary into Presidential Communications Operations Office and appointed new officers * he signed an EO about suspension of allowances and bonuses of GOCCs and GFIs board members * has paved peace in Mindanao thru the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Movement * in 2012, the Philippine economy grew 7. 1% besting other South East Asian countries